Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
CP BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW—FALL 2014—MR. U-T THIS IS NOT A DETAILED REVIEW. THIS IS A LIST OF KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS FROM THIS SEMESTER. FOR DETAILS, REVIEW BOTH YOUR CLASS MATERIALS (NOTES, WORK SHEETS, &C.) AND YOUR TEXT FOR THESE TOPICS. KEY CONCEPTS / TERMS & TEXT PAGES NATURE OF SCIENCE—CH1, PP2—15 science as a process observation data controlled experiment variable inference hypothesis theory law BIOLOGY & CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE—CH1, PP15—22 bio— living/living things —logy study of organism—any individual living thing, or kind of living thing unity & diversity of life millions of different kinds of living things, but all life is similar at the molecular level characteristics of living things cell basic unit of life organisms may be unicellular or multicellular evolution groups of organisms change over time populations (not individuals) evolve reproduction asexual or sexual growth (increase in size) & development (change in form) universal genetic code heredity DNA—instructions for making proteins DNA located on chromosomes obtain & use matter & energy metabolism = sum of all chemical reactions in an organism producers (autotrophs) use photosynthesis to make their own organic molecules for food (used for energy & growth/repair) consumers (hetrotrophs) cannot make own food; must eat producers or other consumers response to environmental changes homeostasis maintain stable internal environment feedback—either negative: decreases condition or positive: increases condition levels of organization, from largest to smallest: biosphere—all ecosystems ecosystem—community + its nonliving environment community—all populations of organisms in a certain area population—all organisms of same kind (species) living in same area organism—individual living thing (can be a single cell or many cells) organ system—group of organs working together (e.g., digestive system, nervous system) organ—different tissues, found together, doing specific function (e.g., stomach) tissue—group of cells of same kind (e.g., muscle tissue) cell—basic unit of life (e.g., nerve cell) organelle—specific structure in a cell, does a specific function (e.g., mitochondrion) molecules—groups of atoms atoms—basic building blocks of matter CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY—CH2, PP35—53 atoms—nucleus (protons & neutrons) & electrons element—pure substance of only one kind of atom compound—combination of 2 or more kinds of atoms in definite proportion (e.g., water: 2 H per every O = H2O) chemical bonds covalent—electrons shared nonpolar—electrons equally shared polar covalent—unequal electron sharing ionic—no sharing; electrons gained or lost properties of water H2O is polar water molecules attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds note:“hydrogen bond”—not a real bond; attraction by a nitrogen or oxygen atom for a hydrogen atom already bonded to a different “N” or “O” cohesion—molecules of same kind attracted to each other (e.g., water attracted to water) cohesion of H2O makes it able to store or release large amounts of heat (e.g., evaporative cooling) adhesion—molecules of different kinds attracted to each other (e.g., water attracted to polar or ionic substances) adhesion of H2O makes it able to dissolve polar and ionic compounds most chemical reactions in organisms take place in aqueous (H2O) solutions acids & bases H2O H+ + OHwater hydrogen ion hydroxide ions (H+) pH measures concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) ph = 7 neutral: equal concentrations of H+ and OHpH < 7 acid: higher concentration of H+ than OHpH >7 base: lower concentration of H+ than OHbuffer: weak acid or base that reacts with strong base or acid, preventing sudden pH changes carbon chemistry—organic chemistry & biochemistry; macromolecules carbon—4 electrons for bonding Can form single, double, or triple bonds. Can form bonds with other carbons chains and rings organic compounds: carbon- based macromolecules Monomers- “building blocks” of macromolecules Polymers- made up of several many monomers carbohydrates Monosaccharides: Glucose —C6H12O6; Fructose— C6H12O6 Disaccharide: Glucose joined to Fructose —C12H22O11 Dehydration (“water removing”) reaction —when 2 mono-saccharides joined together,1 ”HOH”(water) is lost: C6H12O6+ C6H12O6 - H2O C12H22O11 hydrolysis (“water splitting”) reaction—when 2 monomers in a polymer are separated, 1 ”H+OH” is added: C12H22O11 + HOH C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Carbohydrates used as energy source to make ATP (glucose), to store energy for later use (starch, glucose) or for structural support (cellulose in plant cell walls) lipids energy storage:] fats and oils (triglycerides) or hormones (steroids) or as part of cell membrane (cholesterol) proteins made of amino acids many functions: enzymes (speed up chemical reactions), movement (muscle), support (collagen), defense (anti-bodies, venoms, etc.) nucleic acids DNA & RNA heredity/genetics DNA is a code for making proteins RNA takes the message from DNA, and “translates” the code into proteins Nucleic acids are polynucleotides made of mononucleotides DNA is made of A (adenine), T (thymine), G (guanine), & C (cytosine) RNA is made of A, U (uracil), G, & C each mononucleotide is made of a phosphate group, attached to a 5-carbon sugar, attached to a nitrogenous base DNA is a two-strand, coiled , double helix the sides of the helix alternate sugar— phosphate— sugar—phosphate— sugar— phosphate—…