Download FX CP REV _14

CP BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW—FALL 2014—MR. U-T
THIS IS NOT A DETAILED REVIEW. THIS IS A LIST OF KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS FROM THIS SEMESTER. FOR
DETAILS, REVIEW BOTH YOUR CLASS MATERIALS (NOTES, WORK SHEETS, &C.) AND YOUR TEXT FOR THESE
TOPICS.
KEY CONCEPTS / TERMS & TEXT PAGES
NATURE OF SCIENCE—CH1, PP2—15
science as a process
observation
data
controlled experiment
variable
inference
hypothesis
theory
law
BIOLOGY & CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE—CH1,
PP15—22
bio— living/living things —logy study of
organism—any individual living thing, or kind of
living thing
unity & diversity of life
millions of different kinds of living things, but
all life is similar at the molecular level
characteristics of living things
cell
basic unit of life
organisms may be unicellular or multicellular
evolution
groups of organisms change over time
populations (not individuals) evolve
reproduction
asexual or sexual
growth (increase in size)
& development (change in form)
universal genetic code
heredity
DNA—instructions for making proteins
DNA located on chromosomes
obtain & use matter & energy
metabolism = sum of all chemical reactions in
an organism
producers (autotrophs)
use photosynthesis to make their own
organic molecules for food (used for energy
& growth/repair)
consumers (hetrotrophs)
cannot make own food; must eat producers
or other consumers
response
to environmental changes
homeostasis
maintain stable internal environment
feedback—either
negative: decreases condition
or positive: increases condition
levels of organization, from largest to smallest:
biosphere—all ecosystems
ecosystem—community + its nonliving
environment
community—all populations of organisms in a
certain area
population—all organisms of same kind
(species) living in same area
organism—individual living thing (can be a
single cell or many cells)
organ system—group of organs working
together (e.g., digestive system, nervous
system)
organ—different tissues, found together, doing
specific function (e.g., stomach)
tissue—group of cells of same kind (e.g., muscle
tissue)
cell—basic unit of life (e.g., nerve cell)
organelle—specific structure in a cell, does a
specific function (e.g., mitochondrion)
molecules—groups of atoms
atoms—basic building blocks of matter
CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY—CH2, PP35—53
atoms—nucleus (protons & neutrons) & electrons
element—pure substance of only one kind of
atom
compound—combination of 2 or more kinds of
atoms in definite proportion (e.g., water: 2 H
per every O = H2O)
chemical bonds
covalent—electrons shared
nonpolar—electrons equally shared
polar covalent—unequal electron sharing
ionic—no sharing; electrons gained or lost
properties of water
H2O is polar
water molecules attracted to each other by
hydrogen bonds
note:“hydrogen bond”—not a real bond;
attraction by a nitrogen or oxygen atom for
a hydrogen atom already bonded to a
different “N” or “O”
cohesion—molecules of same kind attracted to
each other (e.g., water attracted to water)
cohesion of H2O makes it able to store or
release large amounts of heat (e.g., evaporative
cooling)
adhesion—molecules of different kinds
attracted to each other (e.g., water attracted to
polar or ionic substances)
adhesion of H2O makes it able to dissolve polar
and ionic compounds
most chemical reactions in organisms take
place in aqueous (H2O) solutions
acids & bases
H2O 
H+
+
OHwater hydrogen ion hydroxide ions (H+)
pH measures concentration of hydrogen ions
(H+)
ph = 7
neutral: equal concentrations of H+ and OHpH < 7
acid: higher concentration of H+ than OHpH >7
base: lower concentration of H+ than OHbuffer: weak acid or base that reacts with
strong base or acid, preventing sudden pH
changes
carbon chemistry—organic chemistry &
biochemistry; macromolecules
carbon—4 electrons for bonding
Can form single, double, or triple bonds.
Can form bonds with other carbons 
chains and rings
organic compounds: carbon- based
macromolecules
Monomers- “building blocks” of
macromolecules
Polymers- made up of several many
monomers
carbohydrates
Monosaccharides: Glucose —C6H12O6;
Fructose— C6H12O6
Disaccharide: Glucose joined to Fructose
—C12H22O11
Dehydration (“water removing”)
reaction —when 2 mono-saccharides
joined together,1 ”HOH”(water)
is lost:
C6H12O6+ C6H12O6 - H2O  C12H22O11
hydrolysis (“water splitting”)
reaction—when 2 monomers in a
polymer are separated, 1 ”H+OH” is
added:
C12H22O11 + HOH  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Carbohydrates used as energy source to
make ATP (glucose), to store energy for
later use (starch, glucose) or for
structural support (cellulose in plant cell
walls)
lipids
energy storage:] fats and oils
(triglycerides) or hormones (steroids) or
as part of cell membrane (cholesterol)
proteins
made of amino acids
many functions: enzymes (speed up
chemical reactions), movement (muscle),
support (collagen), defense (anti-bodies,
venoms, etc.)
nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
heredity/genetics
DNA is a code for making proteins
RNA takes the message from DNA, and
“translates” the code into proteins
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides made of
mononucleotides
DNA is made of A (adenine), T (thymine),
G (guanine), & C (cytosine)
RNA is made of A, U (uracil), G, & C
each mononucleotide is made of a
phosphate group, attached to a 5-carbon
sugar, attached to a nitrogenous base
DNA is a two-strand, coiled , double helix
the sides of the helix alternate sugar—
phosphate— sugar—phosphate— sugar—
phosphate—…