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The Empire Approaches End of the Republic The Gracchi Tiberius Gracchus: Tribune 133 BC Passes a land reform without consulting the senate. Tries to distribute the Riches of Pergamum - Clubbed to death. Gaius Gracchus: Tribune 123 BC Passes a law (directly by assembly), that the jury-courts will be run by the equites -3,000 of his followers are arrested and executed - he commits suicide. sons of Cornelia ( a Scipio), they attempted to distribute land to the poor Gaius Marius 175 BC - 86 BC Elected Consul 7 Times. Reforms the Army: creates ‘middle class’ Sulla 138 BC-38 BC First Dictator since the 2nd Punic War The Italian (Social) War 91 -88 BC Sulla fights under Marius as Praetor Revolt by the Latins, Sabines, and other noncitizens (expelled from Rome in 95) Drusus the Tribune is assassinated (friend of the commons) Marian reforms of the Army and the reforms of the Gracchi further distance the Senate from the People Civil War King Mithridates of Pontus invades Greece in 88 BC Marius bribes the tribunes to acquire command of the legions at Nola Sulla appeals directly to the Army who accept him Sulla then marches on Rome! Marius defends with an army of gladiators - and loses Seventh Consulship of Marius Sulla is in Athens Marius returns from exile (Carthage) Marches on Rome - executes followers of Sulla Reign of terror Dies in 86 - just 17 days into his consulship Dictatorship of Sulla Sulla returns with his army and captures Rome after a bloody fight Sulla appointed dictator indefinitely Sulla initiates ‘proscription’ Reforms the laws - including a law against taking a Roman army from a foreign province without the permission of the senate (ironically). Spartacus 72 BC Slave Uprising (Gladiators) Army of 70,000 Marcus Crassus puts down the revolt Pompey returns from Spain to mop up. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 106 BC- 48 BC Consul with Crassus70 BC Given imperium in 67 BC to deal with pirates Defeats Mithridates in 66BC Friend of the Optimates Catiline Conspiracy 63 BC Cicero (Consul for 63 - a ‘novus homo’ denounces Catiline in the senate: Catiline is arrested and killed —- Julius Caesar was a conspirator as well… Gaius Julius Caesar Deep in Debt Governor of Spain Cannot run for Consul Forms ‘Triumvirate’ The First Triumvirate 59 BC what they tax breaks got: in Asia banking laws consul in ‘55 Syria… marries Julia land grants consul in consulship of ‘59 5 year command Gaul ‘55 Campaign Governor 5 year Spain command 53 BC: Trouble with the Triumvirate Crassus killed in Carrhae and stars in a Parthian production of ‘the Bacchae’ posthumously as the head of Pentheus. Julia dies (actually in ’52) rioting in Rome between supporters of Pompey and Caesar Pompey is elected consul - senate accuses Caesar of crimes Caesar is recalled - WITHOUT his army. He will almost certainly be arrested and executed.