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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community Ninth Edition College Human Anatomy & Physiology CHAPTER 7 The Skeleton: Part B Appendicular Skeleton Revised by Dr. Par Mohammadian © Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview of the Skeleton • Axial (Ch 7a) – The Skull – The Vertebral Column – The Thoracic Cage • Appendicular (Ch 7b) – The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle – The Upper limb – The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle – The Lower limb • Developmental Aspects (Ch 7b) Overview of Appendicular Skeleton • Appendicular – The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle (Attaches upper limbs to body trunk) • Clavicle • Scapula – The Upper limb • Arm (humerus) • Forearm (ulan, radius) • Hand (carpus, palm, fingers) – The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle (Attaches lower limbs to body trunk) • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis – The Lower limb • Thigh • Leg • Foot Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) Acromioclavicular joint Clavicle • Clavicles (anteriorly) and scapulae (posteriorly) – Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton – Provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs Scapula Articulated pectoral girdle Clavicles (Collarbones; little keys) • S-shaped; • sternal end articulates with sternum medially • acromial end articulates laterally with scapula • Anchor muscles • Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end Larger and stronger in those who perform manual labor or athletes using their shoulder and arm muscles. Right clavicle, superior view Figure 7.25c The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromial end Anterior Trapezoid line Sternal end Posterior Conoid tubercle Right clavicle, inferior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades; shovel) • On dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7 • Flat and triangular, with 3 borders and 3 angles • Several large fossae named according to location Suprascapular notch Acromion Superior border Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Lateral border Right scapula, anterior aspect Superior angle Subscapular fossa Medial border Inferior angle Figure 7.26b The scapula. Suprascapular notch Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Spine Infraspinous fossa Medial border Coracoid (beaklike) process Acromion Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Lateral border Right scapula, posterior aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.26c The scapula. Supraspinous fossa Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa Posterior Anterior Acromion Supraglenoid tubercle Coracoid process Spine Infraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Inferior angle Right scapula, lateral aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview of Appendicular Skeleton • Appendicular – The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle • Clavicle • Scapula – The Upper limb • Arm (humerus) • Forearm (ulan, radius) • Hand (carpus, palm, fingers) – The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle (Attaches lower limbs to body trunk) • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis – The Lower limb • Thigh • Leg • Foot The Upper Limb • 30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb – Arm • Humerus – Forearm • Radius and ulna – Hand • 8 carpal bones in the wrist • 5 metacarpal bones in the palm • 14 phalanges in the fingers © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Humerus • Largest, longest bone of upper limb • Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula • Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Head of humerus Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity Surgical neck Deltoid Tuberosity (V-shaped) Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral supracondylar ridge Radial fossa Capitulum Anterior view Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Posterior view Lateral epicondyle Bones of the Forearm • Ulna (“elbow) – Medial bone in forearm – Forms major portion of elbow joint with humerus • Radius (rod) – Lateral bone in forearm – Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna – Interosseous membrane connects radius and ulna along their entire length Radial notch of the ulna Head Neck Radial tuberosity Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint Head of radius Neck of radius Interosseous membrane Ulna Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Radius Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Distal Radial styloid radioulnar process joint Anterior view Radial styloid process Posterior view Figure 7.28c–d Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Olecranon (elbow) Trochlear notch View Coronoid process Radial notch Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view Ulnar notch of radius Articulation for lunate Articulation for scaphoid Radial styloid process View © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Head of Ulnar styloid process ulna Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist Figure 7.27c–d The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow. Humerus Coronoid fossa Capitulum Medial epicondyle Head of radius Trochlea Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch Ulna Radial tuberosity Radius Anterior view at the elbow region Humerus Olecranon fossa Olecranon Medial epicondyle Ulna © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral epicondyle Head Neck Radius Posterior view of extended elbow Hand: Carpus, Metacarpus, and Phalanges • Carpus (Wrist) – Eight bones in two rows • Proximal row—lateral to medial – Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform – Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate – Only scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum form wrist joint (Sally left the party to take Cindy home.); carpel tunnel syndrome: overuse of tendons causes inflammation-> swelling->compression of nerve • Metacarpus (Palm) – Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5 -thumb ->little finger) form the palm • Phalanges (Fingers) – Fingers numbered 1–5 starting at thumb (pollex) – Digit #1 (Pollex) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx – Digits #2 – 5 have 3 bones—distal, middle, and proximal phalanx Figure 7.29 Bones of the right hand. Phalanges • Distal • Middle • Proximal Carpals • Hamate • Capitate • Pisiform • Triquetrum • Lunate Ulna III II V IV Metacarpals • Head • Shaft • Base Sesamoid bones I Carpals • Trapezium • Trapezoid • Scaphoid I II III IV V Radius Anterior view of right hand © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view of right hand Carpals • Hamate • Capitate • Triquetrum • Lunate Ulna Overview of Appendicular Skeleton • Appendicular – The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle • Clavicle • Scapula – The Upper limb • Arm (humerus) • Forearm (ulan, radius) • Hand (carpus, palm, fingers) – The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle (Attaches lower limbs to body trunk) • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis – The Lower limb • Thigh • Leg © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Foot Pelvic (Hip) Girdle • Two hip bones (coxal bones or os coxae) and sacrum – Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments – Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs – Support pelvic organs • Less mobility but more stable than shoulder joint • Three fused bones form coxal bone – Ilium, ischium, and pubis • Bony pelvis formed by coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.30 Pelvis. Hip Bone • Three regions 1. Ilium • Superior region of coxal bone • Auricular surface articulates with sacrum (sacroiliac joint) 2. Ischium (“hip”) • Posteroinferior part of hip bone 3. Pubis (“sexually mature”) • Anterior portion of hip bone • Pubis bones join at pubic symphysis joint © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.31a The hip (coxal) bones. Ilium Anterior gluteal line Ala Iliac crest Posterior gluteal line Anterior superior Inferior iliac spine gluteal line Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iIiac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial body Acetabulum (vinegar cup; receives the head of femur) Ischial spine Pubic body Lesser sciatic notch Ischium Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Lateral view, right hip bone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Pubis Obturator foramen Inferior pubic ramus Figure 7.31c The hip (coxal) bones. Anterior gluteal line Ilium Posterior gluteal line Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Greater sciatic notch Ischial body Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Ischium Ischial Tuberosity (when we sit …) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Pubic body Pubic tubercle Inferior pubic ramus Ischial ramus Lateral view, right hip bone Obturator foramen Figure 7.31b The hip (coxal) bones. Ilium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Arcuate line Superior pubic ramus Pubic tubercle Iliac fossa Body of the ilium Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Auricular Surface (ear shaped) Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Inferior pubic ramus Medial view, right hip bone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ischium Ischial ramus Figure 7.31d The hip (coxal) bones. Auricular surface Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliac fossa Arcuate line Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Superior pubic ramus Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Pubic tubercle Lesser sciatic notch Ischium © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior pubic Ischial Articular ramus ramus surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Medial view, right hip bone Obturator foramen Comparison of Male and Female Pelves • Female pelvis – Adapted for childbearing – True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal – Cavity of true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity • Male pelvis – Tilted less far forward – Adapted for support of male's heavier build and stronger muscles – Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (2 of 3) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (3 of 3) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview of Appendicular Skeleton • Appendicular – The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle • Clavicle • Scapula – The Upper limb • Arm (humerus) • Forearm (ulan, radius) • Hand (carpus, palm, fingers) – The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis – The Lower limb • Thigh • Leg • Foot The Lower Limb • Carries entire weight of erect body • Subjected to exceptional forces if jump or run • Three segments of lower limb – Thigh – Leg – Foot © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones Of The Thigh • Femur (=thigh) – Largest and strongest bone in the body – Length ~ ¼ of person's height – Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and distally with tibia and patella Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Head Intertrochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Apex Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Facet for medial condyle of femur Popliteal surface Intercondylar fossa Surface for patellar ligament Posterior Patella (kneecap) Patella (knee cap) Sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Femur (thigh bone) Posterior view Bones Of The Leg • Tibia (shin bone) – Medial leg bone – Receives weight of body from femur; transmits to foot; not covered by muscles • Fibula – Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur – Several muscles originate from fibula – Articulates proximally and distally with tibia • Tibia and fibula connected by interosseous membrane Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Head Superior tibiofibular joint Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Inferior tibiofibular Medial joint Malleolus (medial bulge of ankle) Lateral malleolus Inferior articular surface Anterior view Figure 7.33b The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Articular surface of medial condyle Medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Medial malleolus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Fibula Lateral malleolus Inferior articular surface Posterior view Figure 7.33c–d The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Lateral condyle Fibula articulates here Lateral condyle Tibial tuberosity Line for soleus muscle Anterior view, proximal tibia Posterior view, proximal tibia Parts of fractured fibula X ray of fracture of the fibula Foot: Tarsus, Metatarsus, Phalanges • Tarsus – 7x tarsal bones – Body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus (heel bone) – Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones • Metatarsals: – 5x metatarsal bones (#1 to #5 from hallux to little toe) – Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms "ball of the foot" • Phalanges – 14 bones of toes – Digit #1 (Hallux) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx – Digits #2–5 have 3 bones—distal, middle, and proximal phalanx Figure 7.34a Bones of the right foot. Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal I Medial cuneiform II III IV Metatarsals V Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior view Figure 7.34b Bones of the right foot. Intermediate cuneiform First metatarsal Medial view Talus Medial malleolar Navicular facet Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity Figure 7.34c Bones of the right foot. Lateral malleolar facet Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Talus (ankle) Calcaneus Lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Cuboid Fifth metatarsal Arches Of The Foot Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons; Allow foot to bear weight; Three arches: Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch Lateral aspect of right foot Overview of the Skeleton • Axial (Ch 7a) – The Skull – The Vertebral Column – The Thoracic Cage • Appendicular (Ch 7b) – The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle – The Upper limb – The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle – The Lower limb • Developmental Aspects (Ch 7b) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull • Infant skull has more bones than adult skull – Skull bones such as mandible and frontal bones are unfused – Skull bones connected by fontanelles • Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes • Ease birth and allow brain growth • Four fontanelles – Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoidal © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.36a–b Skull of a newborn. Frontal bone Frontal suture Anterior Fontanelle (… soft spot) Ossification center Parietal bone Posterior fontanelle Occipital bone Superior view Frontal bone Parietal bone Ossification center Posterior fontanelle Mastoid fontanelle Occipital bone Temporal bone (squamous portion) Lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sphenoidal fontanelle Congenital Abnormalities Of Skull • Cleft palate – No medial fusion of right and left halves of palate © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Developmental Aspects: Growth Rates • At birth, cranium huge relative to face • At 9 months, cranium is ½ adult size • Mandible and maxilla are foreshortened but lengthen with age • Arms and legs grow at faster rate than head and trunk, leading to adult proportions Human newborn © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Human adult Figure 7.39b Different growth rates of body parts determine body proportions. Newborn © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 yrs 5 yrs 15 yrs Adult Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature • Primary thoracic and sacral curvatures obvious at birth – Give spine a C shape – Convex posteriorly • Secondary curvatures – Cervical and lumbar—convex anteriorly – Appear as child develops (e.g., lifts head, learns to walk) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Developmental Aspects: Old Age • Intervertebral discs thin, less hydrated, and less elastic – Risk of disc herniation increases • Several centimeter height loss common by 55 • Costal cartilages ossify – Rigid thorax causes shallow breathing and less efficient gas exchange • All bones lose mass, so fracture risk increases © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.