Download Diversity Notes

I.
Classification
A. History of classifying
1. Aristotle
a) First to classify living things
(350 B.C.).
b) Divided into 2 groups: animals and
plants.
c) Animals: habitat and behavior.
d) Plants: size and structure.
e) System used for 2000 yrs. (why was
it discarded?)
2. Carolus Linnaeus
a) 1700’s; new classification based on
similar structures.
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b) Suggested terms genus and species.
c) Called binomial nomenclature – two
word naming system (genus and
species).
d) Used the Latin language.
e) Ex: humans:
genus:
homo
species: sapiens
II. Modern Classification
A. Taxonomy – study of the classification
systems.
1. Divides organisms into six kingdoms.
2. DNA is the newest technique of
helping classifying organism.
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B. Classifying order
1. Kingdom (very general) K
King
2. Phylum
P
Phillip
3. Class
C
Came
4. Order
O
Over
5. Family
F
From
6. Genus
G
Great
7. Species (specific)
S
Spain
C. Writing scientific names
1. Scientific name – consists of genus and
species and must be underlined or
italicized.
a)Ex: humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
b)Genus is always capitalized but
species is not.
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D.
Dichotomous keys
1. Series of paired statements that
describe physical characteristics of
different organisms.
2. Simplifies classification.
3. Lab on page 462-63.
III. Reproduction
A. Sexual reproduction – two cells from
different parents unite to produce the
first cell of the new organism.
1. Ex: sperm + egg = zygote
B. Asexual reproduction – new organism has
a single parent.
1. Binary fission – prokaryote (w/o a
nucleus) copies its DNA and divides in
half.
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2. Conjugation – hollow bridge forms
between two cells and genes move from
one cell to the other.
a) Figure 19-7 page 476 shows both
binary fission and conjugation.
IV. Life Cycles
A. Alternation of Generations (plants)
1. 2 stages / generations
a) Gametophyte stage – produces
gametes which are haploid (1N).
b) Sporophyte stage – produces spores
after two haploid gametes fuse
(diploid 2N).
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2. Figure 20-18 page 514
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B. Metamorphosis (Insects)
1. Incomplete metamorphosis –
a)3 stages: egg, nymph, and adult
b)Insects emerge from the egg as a nymph
(small version of adult w/o wings).
c)As the nymph matures, reproductive
organs appear and wings (adult).
d)Ex: cinch bugs
2. Complete metamorphosis –
a)4 stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult
b)Egg hatches into a larva, which cannot
fly.
c)Insects builds a cocoon (pupa) and
undergoes a drastic change.
d)Fully formed, sexually mature adult
emerges.
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e)Ex: bees, moths, beetles
3. Figure 28-18 page 729
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V.
Comparative Anatomy
A. Position Terms
1. Dorsal – back surface.
2. Ventral – underbelly, lower surface.
3. Anterior – front / head of the
organism.
4. Posterior – tail / hind end of the
organism.
B. Symmetry – balanced arrangement of body
parts around a point or a line.
1. Bilateral symmetry – each side is a
mirror image of the other.
a) Ex: humans, fish, birds, reptiles
2. Radial symmetry – appendages are
arranged around a central axis.
a) Ex: starfish, octopus
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3. Spherical symmetry – animals with a
round form.
a) It has no front, back, right or
left.
b) Ex: protozoa, bacteria.
4. Asymmetrical – has no symmetry.
a) Ex: amoeba.
VI. Characteristics of Organisms
A. Levels of Development
1. The higher the organism, then the
more complex it is.
2. Figure 18-12 page 459 shows the
breakdown of each kingdom and its
characteristics.
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VII. Organ systems in organisms.
A. Characteristics of each system.
1. Nervous system – coordinates the
body’s response to changes in its
internal and external environment.
a) Brain, spinal cord, peripheral
nerves.
2. Integumentary system – serves as a
barrier against infection and injury.
a) Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
3. Respiratory system – provides oxygen
needed for cellular respiration and
removes excess carbon dioxide from
the body.
a) Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
lungs.
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4. Digestive system – converts foods into
simpler molecules that can be used by
the cells of the body.
a)Mouth, stomach, small and large
intestine.
5. Excretory system – eliminates waste
products of metabolism from the body.
a)Lungs, kidneys, bladder and urethra.
6. Skeletal system – supports and
protects the body.
a)Bones, cartilage, ligaments,
tendons.
7. Muscular system – produces voluntary
movement and helps circulate blood.
a)Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
muscle.
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8. Circulatory system – brings oxygen,
nutrients, and hormones to cells.
a)Heart, blood, blood vessels.
9. Endocrine system – controls growth,
development, metabolism, reproduction.
a)Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas,
ovaries and testes.
10.Reproductive system – produces
reproductive cells, in females,
nurtures and protects the embryo.
a)Testes, penis, ovaries, uterus,
vagina, Fallopian tubes.
11.Lymphatic system – helps protect the
body from disease.
a)White blood cells, spleen, lymph
nodes, lymph vessels.
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 Figure 35-2 page 892 – 893
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 Figure 35-2 continued
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 Figure 35-2 concluded
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