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Transcript
Community Ecology Geography Resources Community Community – collection of species that occur at the same place & time, circumscribed by natural (e.g., serpentine soil), arbitrary, or artificial (e.g., 1-m2 quadrat) boundaries Phylogeny Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat. Geography Resources Community Community – “Any set of organisms currently living near each other and about which it is interesting to talk” (MacArthur 1971) Many prefer a more restrictive definition in which species must interact to be included, e.g., Whittaker (1975) Phylogeny Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat. Geography Resources Community Taxon – phylogenetically related group of species; a clade Taxon E.g., Mammalian Order Rodentia Phylogeny Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat. Geography Resources Guild Community Taxon Phylogeny Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat. Guild – a group of species “without regard for taxonomic position” that “exploit the same class of environmental resources in a similar way” (Root 1967) E.g., granivores Geography Resources (or Function) Community Functional Group Taxon Functional Group – a group of species that share similar functional attributes (this was not part of the original scheme) E.g., nitrogen-fixers Phylogeny Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat. Geography Resources Local guild Community Taxon Phylogeny Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat. Guild Local guild – a group of species that share a common resource and occur in the same community (Root 1967) E.g., Sonoran Desert granivores Geography Resources Local guild Community Guild Assemblage Assemblage – a group of phylogenetically related species within a community Taxon Phylogeny Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat. Geography Resources Local guild Community Guild Assemblage Assemblage – a group of phylogenetically related species within a community Taxon Phylogeny Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat. E.g., Sonoran Desert rodents Geography Resources Local guild Community Guild Ensemble Assemblage Taxon Phylogeny Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat. Ensemble – a phylogenetically bounded group of species that use a similar set of resources within a community E.g., Sonoran Desert granivorous rodents Geography Resources Local guild Community Guild Ensemble Assemblage Taxon Phylogeny Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat. E.g., granivorous rodents, pond-breeding salamanders… Community Assembly “Community membership depends on arriving at a site, coping with the site’s physical environment, and interacting with other species living there” Evolutionary processes Physiological constraints Biogeographical events REGIONAL SPECIES POOL Habitat selection Competition Dispersal ability Predation Mutualisms SPECIES COMPOSITION OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY Quote from Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), pg. 357; figure redrawn from Morin (1999, pg. 27) Parallels Between Community Ecology & Pop. Genetics “Species are added to communities via speciation and dispersal, and the relative abundances of these species are then shaped by drift and selection, as well as ongoing dispersal, to Global community drive community Drift dynamics” Selection Speciation Dispersal Dispersal Regional community Drift Selection Speciation Dispersal Redrawn from Vellend & Orrock (2010) Local community A Drift Selection Speciation Local community B Drift Selection Speciation Dispersal Food Webs & Interaction Webs Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.5 Food Webs & Interaction Webs Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.5 Multi-Species Interactions Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.13 Multi-Species Interactions Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.15 Species Richness & Diversity Species Composition (the species present) A has the same species as B Species Richness A=B Species Evenness A<B Species Diversity A<B Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.6 Species Diversity Incorporates both Species Richness & Evenness Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Table 16.1 Species Diversity – Rank Abundance Curve Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.8 Species Diversity – Species Accumulation Curve Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.10 Relative Influence of Species Dominant / Foundation Species Single species that defines much of the structure of a community (Dayton 1972) Photo from Wikimedia Commons Relative Influence of Species Ecosystem Engineers Organism that changes the environment by transforming living or nonliving materials from one physical state to another, via mechanical or other means (Jones et al. 1994) Photo of beaver dam on Tierra del Fuego from Wikimedia Commons Relative Influence of Species Keystone Species E.g., Keystone predator – a predator (e.g., Pisaster seastar) whose activities maintain species diversity at lower trophic levels by disallowing competitive exclusion (Paine 1966) Photo from Wikimedia Commons Relative Influence of Species Redundant Species Like the multiple rivets in an airplane Photos of red-winged blackbird and yellow-headed blackbird from Wikimedia Commons Neutral Theory Steve Hubbell What if all individuals have the same per capita influence? Ecological Drift Photo of S. P. Hubbell from UCLA
