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Body Systems Guided Reading Packet CH 35-2 Organization 1. ___________________ organisms are made up of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems pg 891. 2. A cell which performs a specific function (ex liver detoxifies) is referred to as pg894 ___________________ 3. A collection of cells (tissue) which cover the glands, inside and outside the body are called pg894 ____________ 4. A collection of cells (tissue) which provides support (eg ligament, tendons & blood) pg894 ___________________ 5. A collection of cells (tissue) which transmit nerve impulses pg894 ___________________ 6. A collection of cells (tissue) which move muscles and internal organs pg894 ___________________ 7. The heart and liver are examples of different tissues brought together to make up pg894 ___________________ 8. Organs like the veins, arteries and heart come to together to make up the pg 894 ___________________ 9. Organisms keep internal and external conditions constant through this process (body temp, blood sugar) p895 ___________________ Structures: Functions: Homeostasis Structures: Structures: Functions: Functions: Homeostasis Homeostasis Structures: Structures: Structures: Functions: Functions: Functions: Homeostasis Homeostasis Homeostasis Structures: Structures: Functions: Functions: Homeostasis Homeostasis Structures: Structures: Structures: Functions: Functions: Functions: Homeostasis Homeostasis Homeostasis NERVOUS SYSTEM – Chapter 35-2 pg 896 Neurotransmitter Pain relievers Synapse Neuron Nervous Reflex arc 1. The function of the ___________________ system is to control and coordinate the body (muscles & temperature) and respond to stimuli (reflex – jerk or vomit) 2. Cells that transmit electrical impulses are referred to as pg897 ___________________ 3. The location where the impulse is transferred from neuron to neuron pg 897 ___________________ 4. This chemical signal allows the connection of two neurons pg900 ___________________ 5. These chemical may bind to neurotransmitters or to the synapse preventing the pain signals from being sent (not in book) ___________________ 6. The pathway that a nerve impulse travels is called the p904 ___________________ – check out the longs nerve in the body. Put the following nerve impulse in the correct order (1-7) Dendrites receive signal from tissue (pain) Electrical signal sent along axon of neuron Axon terminal releases neurotransmitter to another nerve cell Signal sent along spinal cord to brain Brain reacts Brain sends electrical impulse back to neuromuscular junctions Muscle responds to external stimuli (reflex) Letter Cell Body (nucleus and cytoplasm) Myelin sheath (Insulation – protects electrical impulse) Dendrites – collect chemical signals from the environment Axon terminals – connect to other neurons Axon – Sends the electrical impulse A B C D E Notes Bones (921) – Muscles (927) – Skin (933) Purpose: Homeostasis: Purpose: Homeostasis: Three Kinds: Fast twitch Slow Twitch Purpose: Bones: Bone marrow: Cartilage: Ligaments Tendons Joints Ball/Socket – Shoulder Hinge – knee Pivot – elbo Saddle - hand Ch 36-1 SKELETAL SYSTEM - Pg 921 Bursa Joint ligament Saddle Immovable Growth Plate Osteoporosis Bone Marrow Ball Socket Arthritis Cartilage Hinge Skeletal Ossification Pivot Bone 1. The ___________________ system has 5 important functions, it supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves and provides a site for blood cell formation (bone marrow). 2. A solid network of living cells (osteocytes) and proteins fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium is what makes up these hard structures p922 ___________________ 3. This part of the bone is where red & white blood cells as well as platelets are made p922 ___________________ 4. Collagen and elastin make up a flexible connective tissue that makes up your nose called p922 ___________________ “SLIPPED DISK” OR DEVIATED SEPTUM (BROKEN NOSE), RIB CAGE AND STERNUM (BREATHE) 5. The process of cartilage changing into bone is called p923 ___________________ 6. The ends of the bone where bone growth occurs p923 ___________________ 7. The joint in the shoulder is called a p924 ___________________ 8. The joint in the elbow is called a p924 ___________________ 9. The joint in the wrist allowing “twisting” is p924 ___________________ 10. The joint in the hand “opposable thumb” is p924 SADDLE 11. The joint in the skull that allows the overlapping of skull bone during child birth p924 ___________________ (SUTURES – SOFT SPOT) 12. Connects bone to bone p925 ___________________ – ACL IN KNEE 13. A sac full of fluid which reduces friction between bones. P925 ___________________ 14. An inflammation of the bone tissue causing pain in joints is called p925 ___________________ 15. In older women bones may weaken in a disease known as p925 ___________________ CH 36-2 MUSCULAR SYSTEM 36-2 Smooth ATP Skeletal Resistance Cardiac Aerobic Actin Exercise Myosin Tendon Neuromuscular Junction 1. A type of muscle that moves the bones, is voluntary and sometimes referred to as striated (ex: hamstring and bicept) is called p926 ___________________ 2. A type of muscle not under voluntary control usually in the blood vessels, digestive tract (moving food) does not need nervous stimulation p926 ___________________ 3. A type of muscle found only in the heart, sometimes has 2 nuclei and does not need direct control from nervous system – heart keeps beating with out brain. P927___________________ 4. The muscle contracts because of thick bands of muscle protein called ___________________ and thin bands of protein called ___________________ sliding past each other see fig 36-8 p928. 5. The energy molecule used to contract muscle fibers is called p928 ___________________ 6. Where is the point of contact between the muscle fibers and the nerves? P928 ___________________ 7. What tissue holds muscles to bones? P930 ___________________ 8. Muscles grow (adding actin and myosin) and stay flexible through regular p931 ___________________ 9. Exercise that adds efficiency and endurance is called p931 ___________________ 10. Exercise that increases size, strength and coordination is called p931 ___________________ 36-3 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM – SKIN Epidermis Sebaceous Keratin Cancer Dermis Nails Melanin Four sweat Hair follicles Integumentary 1. A system that protects from injury from UV light and infection, regulates body temp, removes waste (sweat) is called the p933 ___________________ SYSTEM (SKIN) 2. The outer layer of skin made of living (rapid cell division) and non living layers (shedding skin cells) is called p934 ___________________ 3. The living layer of the epidermis produces a protective protein called p934 ___________________ 4. Melanocytes (special skin cells) produce a pigment which absorbs UV light and determines a persons skin color called p934 ___________________. 5. The inner living layer of skin which has blood vessels (expand and contract to control heat loss) and glands is called the p934 ___________________ 6. A gland in the dermis which removes water (heat), salt and other compounds during exercise is called p935 ___________________ – Acidic ph protecting us from germs 7. A gland in the dermis which produces an oily secretion (sebum) and makes the skin flexible and waterproof is called p935 ___________________ 8. Excessive exposure to UV light may lead to the damage of skin cell DNA and ultimately to this disease p936 ___________________ 9. Hair is produced in tubelike pocket of the epidermal cells called p936 ___________________ 10. At the tips of your fingers and toes rapid cell division and production of Keratin will produce p936___________________ 11. Fingernails grow about ___________________ times as fast as toenails p936 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Purpose: BLOOD - Liquid tissue - plasma = - White blood cells (WBC)= - Red Blood Cells (RBC) = - Platelets = Blood Vessels: flexible walls to change diameter 1. Arteries - carry blood AWAY from heart - 2. Veins - return blood to heart - valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards 1. Capillaries - tiny tubes - walls only 1 cell thick - Lymphatic System - collect excess fluid from cells of body - lymph nodes are located around the body - Contain WBCs to defend against cancer and infections Two circuits that blood travels: 1. Pulmonary Circuit: 2. Systemic Circuit: Diseases/Disorders 1. Hypertension 2. Stroke: - blockage in brain vessel - narrowing of vessels due to hardening of arteries 3. - Heart Attack: due to hardening of arteries, blood flow to heart may be stopped blood clot in artery that “feeds” heart nicotine narrows blood vessels watch cholesterol levels o LDL o HDL CH 37-1 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM pg 943 Pacemaker Systemic Valves Atria 2.6 million Heart Pulmonary Circulatory Ventricles 1. The ___________________ system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood that transport nutrients, water and waste to the cells of the body. 2. The 4 chambered pumping organ of the circulatory system surrounded by myocardium is called the p944______ 3. Annually the human heart pumps ___________________ gallons of blood each year. 4. The upper chambers of the heart which store blood are called the p945 ___________________ 5. The lower pumping chambers of the heart are called the p945 ___________________ 6. Blood traveling from the heart – to the lungs – back to the heart travels through the ___________________ circulation p945. 7. Blood traveling from the heart – to the body’s cells – back to the heart travels through the ___________________ circulation p945. 8. As the ventricles contract pushing blood out of the heart the ___________________ prevent blood from flowing backward p945. 9. If a heart is not beating normally a ___________________ may be inserted which stimulates a normal heartbeat. THE HEART Aorta Blood pressure Stroke Varicose veins Heart attack Veins Hypertension Capillaries Atheroschlerosis arteries 1. The main vessel leaving the heart is called the P946 ___________________ 2. This strong (smooth muscle) and elastic blood vessel carries blood away from the heart (red) P946 ___________________ – IF IT WASN’T ELASTIC IT WOULD BURST (HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES (ARTERIOSCHLEROSIS) 3. The smallest blood vessel that allows exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste is called p947 ______________ 4. These blood vessels brings blood back to the heart (blue) near the surface of the skin and have valves which prevent back flow of blood p947 ___________________ 5. This condition occurs when blood “pools” in veins because of weak valves p947 ___________________ 6. If blood vessels are partially blocked, a person is under pressure, dehydrated or sick the heart will have to push hard against the blood vessels this a result in elevated pg 948 ___________________ 7. A condition where plaque (fat) builds up on the inside of a blood vessel is called pg949 ___________________ 8. High Blood Pressure may lead to heart disease (an enlarged heart) because of overworking. High blood pressure is also called pg949 ___________________ 9. When the coronary artery on the heart is blocked starving the heart muscle of oxygen this may happen pg 950 ___________________ 10. If a brain blood vessel is blocked by cholesterol or fat deposits this condition may occur p950 _______________ Label the following heart. 6. 3. 1. 4. 2. BLOOD CHEMISTRY Blood Cells Hemoglobin plasma 5. Phagocytes Platelet Lymphocyte 1. The body contains 4-6 liters of connective tissue that carries nutrients, water and waste called p951 ___________ 2. 55% of blood is a straw colored fluid carrying gases, salt, nutrients and waste called p951 ___________________ 3. 45 % of blood consists of red and white blood p950 ___________________ 4. Red blood cells contain an iron rich protein that helps to transport oxygen called p952 ___________________ RED COLOR – LAST ONLY 120 DAYS – DESTROYED BY LIVER AND SPLEEN – NO NUCLEUS – MADE BY BONE MARROW 5. These blood cell are the “army” which digest and engulf bacteria pg952 ___________________ – PHAGOCYTES 6. This white blood cell produces antibodies pg952 ___________________ 7. This protein clots blood when a blood vessel is broken pg952 ___________________ RESPIRATORY SYSTEM NOTES Function: Homeostasis: Organs/ Structures and their functions: Pleural membrane: Surrounds lungs holding them in the thoracic cavity. (sliding!) Fun Facts: The lungs are one of the largest organs in the body. Lungs are the only organs that float. The surface area of your lungs is equal to that of a tennis court. Inhalation: diaphragm contracts The air pressure in the lungs and the rib cage moves causing air to enter the lungs. Exhalation: diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage returns to resting position. The lungs are , causing the air to the lungs. Gas Exchange: Hemoglobin in the blood carries O2, which is unloaded from the blood cell into the tissues. In the tissue, O2 gets swapped with CO2. The enzyme aids in this exchange of gasses. The CO2 is broken down into Carbonic Acid and later into bicarbonate ions that are capable of passing through cell membranes for the exchange! Gaseous CO2 is expelled from the lungs. Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System: 1. Asthma: Bronchioles become making it hard to breathe. Caused by sensitivity to particles in the air and treated with inhalant medications. 2. Emphysema: Alveoli lose and the ability to absorb O2. Caused primarily by smoking, or other environmental toxins and is untreatable. Patients sometimes are restricted to pure oxygen breathing apparatus in order to get enough O2. 3. Lung Cancer: Abnormal in the lungs. Caused by smoking or other environmental toxins and usually is untreatable. Patients will have a portion of their lung removed, but only 10% survive once diagnosed. CH 36-2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Lung Cancer Larynx Respiratory Bronchitiis alveoli Pharnyx Breathing Cilia Mucus Inhalation Epiglottis Emphysema Diaphram Trachea 1. The function of the ___________________ system is to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood stream and tissues pg956. 2. The passageway for both air and food is called pg956 ___________________ 3. The cartilage lined wind pipe is also called pg956 ___________________ – TRACHEOTEMY OPEN FOR BREATHING 4. The valve which covers the windpipe preventing food from going down the wrong tube is called pg956 _________ 5. This moistens the air and traps tiny particles in the trachea pg957 ___________________ 6. These tiny hairs remove mucus and trapped particles from the respiratory tract pg957 ___________________ The voice box which has vocal cords that vibrate to produce sound is also called pg958 ___________________ 7. Million of tiny air sacs where oxygen exchange occurs in the lungs is called pg958 ___________________ 8. The muscular wall at the bottom of the thoracic cavity which allows you to breathe is called pg959 ____________ 9. When the diaphragm contracts downward this occurs pg 959 ___________________ 10. As the pH level of the blood drops (acidic) the rate of ___________________ is increased pg969. Delayed rate of breathing increase because acid need to build up in blood. 11. An infection of the bronchi and bronchioles is called pg 962 ___________________ 12. Exposure to carcinogens such as nicotine may cause pg962 ___________________ 13. The hardening of the alveoli because of chronic smoking may lead to pg962 ___________________ Number Organ and Description Diaphram – contract to breathe in Right Bronchi Left Bronchi Flap 12 esophagus Bronchiole Alveoli – capillaries exchange O Trachea – made of cartilage – tracheotomy Larnyx – voice box and vocal cords Pharnyx – food and air enter – moistened and warmed Nose – Septum – deviated septum Mouth Epiglottis Digestive System Notes TWO FUNCTIONS: 1. ______________________ FOOD INTO SMALL PARTICLES 2. ______________________ OF NUTRIENTS INTO THE BLOOD STREAM FOR PROCESSING Digestion: physically breaking _______________ food so that it can be absorbed Absorption: Moving ______________________________ from inside the intestine to your blood where it can be transported to cells Mouth: __________________________________ begins Chemical Digestion - enzymes in saliva break down sugar ____________________________ Mechanical Digestion – break down food _____________________________ Esophagus: ___________________________ food to stomach for digestion _________________________________________: undulating contractions of the smooth muscle that force food to stomach Stomach: Digestion continues Chemical Digestion – Pepsin and ______________________________________________ in stomach break down proteins Mechanical Digestion – stomach continues to massage the food into a smooth paste called ________________________Small Intestine – Digestion & Absorption Chemical Digestion – __________________________________ produced in liver stored in gallbladder is mixed with fats ________________________________________ – breaking down of fats by chemicals Absorption – ______________________________– increase absorption surface area of small intestine Nutrients (fate, protein, carbohydrates) are absorbed in the small intestine Large Intestine - Absorption of ______________________________________________ (vitamins) Vitamin K broduced by bacteria. Rectum – compaction of unused materials (fiber) Anus – controls bowel movements Accessory Organs (not a part of the digestive tract) Liver – produces ____________________ which breaks down (emulsifies) fat Gallbladder – ________________ bile Pancreas – Produces digestive _____________________ Appendix – _____________________ organ CH 38-1 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM pg 970 Calories Esophagus Nutrients Amylase Heartburn Digestive Vomiting Chewing Peristalsis 1. The average female burns 2200 and male burns 2800 ___________________ per day pg971 2. Materials such as water, carbs, fats, protein, vitamins and minerals used for growth, repair and maintenance are called pg973 ___________________ 3. The ___________________ system is responsible for breaking down and absorbing the nutrients required for metabolic activities. Mouth chem. Digest sugar 4. Mastication (mechanical digestion) is a scientific term that refers to Esophagus – peristalsis the ___________________ of food using the teeth and tongue pg978. 5. The enzyme in saliva that can break down (chemical digestion) carbohydrates in the mouth is called pg979 ___________________ 6. Chewed up food (bolus) travels from the mouth to the stomach through a smooth muscle lined organ called the pg980 ___________________ 7. The muscle contractions that move food down the esophagus is called pg980 ___________________ 8. If toxins build up in the stomach (bacteria or alcohol) reverse peristalsis or ___________________ may occur. Pg980 9. If the cardiac sphincter does not close stomach acids may leak into the esophagus causing pg980 ___________________ OR ACID REFLUX. Stomach Pancreas Chime Small intestine Pancreas VILLI Liver LG. INTESTINE Gal bladder 1. A muscular organ where chemical digestion (acids & enzymes) and mechanical digestion occur pg980 ___________________ 2. Bolus (balls of food) are converted to this pasty mixture called ___________________ in the stomach pg980 3. Enzymes from the pancreas and gal bladder enter this organ to break down fats (emulsification) and nutrients are absorbed here pg 980 ___________________ 4. This organ produces insulin, digestive enzymes and a mucus which neutralizes stomach acids pg981 ___________________ 5. This organ produces bile pg982___________________ 6. This organ stores bile pg982 ___________________ 7. This substance breaks down fat (emulsify) and is injected into the intestines pg 982 ___________________ 8. Inside the small intestine are folds which increase surface area for absorption called p982 ___________________ 9. This organ has bacteria which produce minerals and water is absorbed pg984 ___________________ PEPTIC ULCER DIARRHEA CONSTIPATION BACTERIA 1. When acids eat holes in the lining of the stomach this may result pg984 ___________________ 2. Most peptic ulcers are a result Helicobacter pylori a type of pg984 ___________________ 3. When water rushes into the intestines (infection) this condition may result pg984 ___________________ This condition occurs if a person is dehydrated pg984 ___________________ A B Stomach – chem. Digest protein – chime Sm. Intestine – absorb nutrients – bile emulsify fats Appendix – vestigial organ – bone? Lg. Intestine – absorb minerals & water Rectum – compact feces Anus – sphincter – open and close Liver – makes bile Pancreas – Make dig. Enzymes Gall Bladder – stores bile I. Functions THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM A. Cleans and filter blood of ________________________ B. Homeostasis - water/salt balance II. Parts A. Kidneys- clean the blood 1. Each kidney contains over 1 million __________________. Fig 34-9 p. 711 2. Nephron is the ______________________ unit of the kidney- forms urine. 3. Urine formation- 3 steps a. ________________________- pushing blood plasma into the nephron b. ________________________ of things we need back i.e. glucose, water c. _____________ of things we really want to get rid of i.e. urea, penicillin B. ________________________- carry urine to bladder C. bladder- _____________________________ urine. Elastic. D. urethra- ___________________________________ urine outside of body. III. Disorders/disfunction A. high blood pressure increases kidney’s work, can lead to kidney failure. B. ________________________- bacterial infection of lining of bladder. More common in females than males. Painful urination, blood in urine. Treat with antibiotics. C. ____________________________- When kidneys are failing, artificial filtration of blood can be done by machine. IV. Fun facts A. In the average adult, blood plasma is filtered at a rate of ______ gallons/day. B. The average bladder can hold _________________oz of liquid. C. The average person urinates between 0.6 and 1.8 liters. Ch 38-3 p985 Excretory System – Kidneys – Urine Production - LABEL THE KIDNEY DIAGRAM TO THE RIGHT Dialysis Nephrons Kidney failure Bladder Fluids Ureter Kidney Stone Kidneys Urine testing Excretory Filtration reabsorption Urine formation 1. The ___________________ system consists of the Skin (sweat), Lungs (CO2) and Kidneys which maintain homeostasis by removing waste, balancing water, and maintaining blood pH. 2. The organ that removes waste from blood is called the pg986 ___________________ 3. This organ drains urine from the kidneys pg986 ___________________ 4. This elastic organ stores urine up to 16 oz pg986 ___________________ 5. Inside the kidney are 1 million filtering units called the pg986 ___________________ 6. There are three steps to creating urine pg 986 a. ___________________ b. ___________________ c. ___________________ 7. Pain killers, antibiotics and illegal drugs do not last forever in the blood stream and are removed from the body in urine. How can you detect illegal drug use? ___________________ 8. If you do not drink enough water a salty protein crystal may form blocking the ureter called a pg988 ___________ 9. The amount of urine depends on the amount of ___________________ ingested or not ingested (water balance) pg988 YELLOW URINE = DEHYDRATED 10. High blood pressure, cancer or infection may lead to pg988 ___________________ 11. If you lose both kidneys artificial filtering of the blood called p989 ___________________ may be necessary. Endocrine System Function: 1. _________________________ communication within the body tissues, via hormones 2. Maintain chemical __________________________________ – balance chemical levels Hormones: a chemical __________________________ made in an endocrine gland and delivered by the _________________ stream. ______________________________ glands: Organs that produce hormones. I.e. pituitary and adrenal Target: The ____________________________ that a hormone travels to and affects. Ex: Muscle Cells – Adrenaline Negative Feedback System: Controls and ___________________________ a stable level of chemicals in your blood. Hormones can be released from many areas of your body: ________________________: Insulin & glucagon- blood glucose regulation _________________________: Thyroxinmetabolic rate. Negative feedback loop that maintains body temp. fig 31-4 p. 634 Need iodine to make this. ___________________________: Estrogen, progestins- female sexual characteristics and reproduction ___________________________: Testosterone-male sexual characteristics and reproduction ____________________________ adrenaline (epinephrine) – the ‘fight or flight’ hormone ____________________________________ - too little insulin to store blood sugar. Treated with artificial insulin. Disorders- _____________________________________ - too little or too much throxine. Metabolism is either too slow (overweight, sluggish) or too high (thin, overheated, nervous) ______________________________________- fig 31-12- lack of iodine in diet causes thyroid to swell. Rare in US due to salt laced with iodine. Fun factsWe make _____________________________________out of testosterone and testosterone out of cholesterol. ____________________________________ is used to treat severe allergic responses such as those to bee stings. CH 40-1 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM pg 997 Endocrine Gland Target Hormones Endocrine Exocrine Glands 1. The ___________________ system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream. 2. Chemicals (proteins with a specific shape) that travel through the bloodstream and affect cellular activities are called p997 ___________________ 3. Hormones travel through the blood and attaches to a specific cell with receptors called the pg997 _____________ 4. Sweat, tears and digestive juices are all examples of pg998 ___________________ 5. When hormones are released directly to the blood stream the gland is called a pg998 ___________________ Letter A regulate the body’s metabolism B Produces insulin and glucagons to regulate blood sugar Produce estrogen and progesterone F Produce testosterone - hair Produces adrenaline – fight or flight reactions – warm butterlies in your stomach C Produces growth hormone (GH) may make you gigantic E D REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CH 39 – 3 Function: Homeostasis: Disease: 39-3 Reproductive System p1009 STD Menstration Luteal Ovulation Follicular Reproductive Menstrual cycle Puberty 1. The ___________________ system produces and delivers games and regulated sexual development. 2. A period of rapid growth and development between the ages of 9-15 is called pg1009 ___________________ 3. An egg is developed and released during the pg1013 ___________________ 4. The egg develops and prepares for release from the ovaries during the pg1013 ___________________ 5. A mature egg is released into the Fallopian tubes during pg1013 ___________________ 6. During the first two days of this phase the woman is most fertile pg1014 ___________________ 7. If fertilization does not occur the lining of the uterus will detach from the uterin wall and pass through in this phase pg1014 ___________________ 8. HIV,Chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis b, genital herpes, genital wart are all examples of pg1015 _______________ Label the following diagrams pg 1012 in book