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Interest Grabber Section 4-1 Discussion Local Conditions How would you describe your climate, or the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation where you live? Does your area receive a great deal of precipitation—rain and snow—or is your area very dry? What is Climate? • Weather – day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere • Climate – average of daily weather over a period of time •Factors affecting climate: • Trapping of heat by the atmosphere • Latitude • Ocean currents • Etc. The Greenhouse Effect Section 4-1 Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface Greenhouse Gases Include: • CO2 (Carbon dioxide) • Methane • Water vapor • Similar to a car on a hot day, glass allows light energy in, yet little heat escapes. The Effect of Latitude on Climate •Earth is tilted on it’s axis, causing varying degrees of light striking the Earth. 3 main zones of climate: 1. polar zones – sun strikes Earth at a very low angle 2. temperate zones – angle of the sun varies 3. tropical zones – direct or near direct sunlight Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface and Some Factors That Affect Climate Section 4-1 Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes 90°N North Pole Sunlight Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Arctic circle Sunlight Most direct sunlight 66.5°N Tropic of Cancer 23.5°N Equator 0° Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S Sunlight Atmosphere Arctic circle Earth’s surface Sunlight 66.5°S 90°S South Pole Section Outline Section 4-2 4–2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? A. Biotic and Abiotic Factors B. The Niche C. Community Interactions 1. Competition 2. Predation 3. Symbiosis D. Ecological Succession 1. Primary Succession 2. Secondary Succession 3. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem Biotic factors • Living or once living Abiotic • Non-living components that influence an ecosystem • Temperature, Type of soil, Precipitation, Climate Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4-2 Together they determine the stability of an ecosystem Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM The Niche • Where an organism fits into its environment – Place on food chain What it eats and what eats it – How and where it reproduces – Climate it prefers • No two species can occupy the same niche in the habitat! Competition? One wins and one loses. same Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches Section 4-2 Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Spruce tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Community Interactions 1.Competition – species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. 2.Predation – one organism captures and feeds on another organism 3.Symbiosis – relationship when 2 species live together • Mutualism – helps both • Commensalism – one benefits, other not harmed • Parasitism – one lives on or in another, harming the host. Ecological Succession • Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human or non-human interactions. • Could be a rapid change or very gradual (thousands of years). • Types: • Primary • Secondary Primary Succession •Occurs where no soil exists – must start with plants….Why? • Bare rocks • Volcanic areas • Occurs often due to climatic changes of plate tectonics • After original pioneer species establish area, new organisms begin to inhabit area. Primary succession after an eruption Primary succession Secondary Succession • When a drastic climatic event disturbs a particular area and organisms re-establish the ecosystem over time. • Prairie fires • Ecosystems typically bounce back from natural disturbances, but struggle to return when human disturbances occur (non-natural). Secondary succession after clear-cutting or a fire. Secondary succession