Download 5-6,7,8,9

Newton’s Second Law
The net force on a body is equal to the
product of the body’s mass and its
acceleration.
Units
Problem 20: A car traveling at 53 km/h hits a bridge
abutment. A passenger in the car moves forward a distance
of 65 cm (with respect to the road) while being brought to
rest by an inflated air bag. What magnitude of force
(assumed constant) acts on the passenger’s upper torso,
which has a mass of 41 kg?
Gravitational Force and Weight
Gravitational force is the force that the Earth exerts on any
object. It is directed toward the center of the Earth.
The magnitude of the gravitational force is equal to the
product of mass and acceleration due to gravity.
The weight W of a body is the magnitude of the net force
required to prevent the body from falling freely, as measured by
someone on the ground.
The weight W of a body is equal to the magnitude of the
gravitational force on the body. A body’s weight is related to the
body’s mass by,
Contact Forces: As the name implies, these forces act between two objects that are
in contact. The contact forces have two components: one that is acting along the
normal to the contact surface (normal force) and a second component that is acting
parallel to the contact surface (frictional force).
Normal Force: When a body presses against a
surface, the surface deforms and pushes on the body
with a normal force perpendicular to the contact
surface. An example is shown in the picture to the left.
A block of mass m rests on a table.
Note: In this case FN = mg. This is not always the
case.
Fnet, y  ma y  FN  mg  0  FN  mg
Friction: If we slide or attempt to slide an object over a
surface, the motion is resisted by a bonding between the
object and the surface. This force is known as “friction.”
More on friction in Chapter 6.
(5-7)
Tension: This is the force exerted by a rope or a cable attached to an object.
Tension has the following characteristics:
1. It is always directed along the rope.
2. It is always pulling the object.
3. It has the same value along the rope (for example, between points A and B).
The following assumptions are made:
a. The rope has negligible mass compared to the mass of the object it pulls.
b. The rope does not stretch.
If a pulley is used as in fig.(b) and fig.(c), we assume that the pulley is massless and
frictionless.
A
B
Newton’s Third Law:
When two bodies interact by exerting forces on
each other, the forces are equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction.
For example, consider a book leaning against a bookcase. We label FBC , the force
exerted on the book by the case. Using the same convention we label FCB , the force
exerted on the case by the book. Newton's third law can be written as
FBC   FCB . The book together with the bookcase are known as a
"third-law force pair."
A second example is shown in the picture to the left.
The third-law pair consists of the Earth and a cantaloupe.
Using the same convention as above we can express
Newton's third law as
FCE   FEC .
Recipe for the Application of
Newton’s Laws of Motion
1. Choose the system to be studied.
2. Make a simple sketch of the system.
3. Choose a convenient coordinate system.
4. Identify all the forces that act on the system. Label them on the
diagram.
5. Apply Newton’s laws of motion to the system.
P 17, page 109:
In the figure , let the mass of the block be 8.5
kg and the angle θ be 30°. Find (a) the
tension in the cord and (b) the normal force
acting on the block. (c) If the cord is cut, find
the magnitude of the resulting acceleration of
the block.
Sample Problem
Figure 5-12 shows a block S (the sliding block) with mass M = 3.3 kg. The
block is free to move along a horizontal frictionless surface and connected, by
a cord that wraps over a frictionless pulley, to a second block H (the hanging
block), with mass m = 2.1 kg. The cord and pulley have negligible masses
compared to the blocks (they are “massless”). The hanging block H falls as
the sliding block S accelerates to the right. Find (a) the acceleration of block
S, (b) the acceleration of block H, and (c) the tension in the cord.