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Test Review The Development of Democracy in Ancient Greece Monarchy: Definition- Ruling power is by one person, usually a king or emperor Etymology- monos= single and arkein= rule How was this form of government practiced in Greece? People paid taxes to their king and obeyed his laws. King protected them. The position was inherited Oligarchy: Definition- Ruling power is by a few leaders, usually the rich land owners Etymology- oligos= few and arkhein= rule How was this form of government practiced in Greece? Decisions were made by the rich landowners and selected middle class. Poor citizens had no say Tyranny: Definition- Ruling power is in the hand of a person who has taken control Etymology- tyrannos= supreme power How was this form of government practiced in Greece? With the help of the middle class, tyrants took power to change laws, help poor, and get rid of debt from the regular people Democracy: Definition- Ruling power is the hands of the people Etymology- demos= people and kratos= power How was this form of government practiced in Greece? Started in Athens. All male citizens could vote. The Assembly made laws and decisions. Council enforced them. Greece’s Geography: How did Greece’s geography affect the way they traveled? Travel was difficult. They had unpaved roads which meant many people walked or rode in carts. Water was easier but much more dangerous. Storms developed quickly and were powerful. People sailed only during the day. How did it affect trade? Relied on trade to get their needs. Merchant ships were built to carry goods. Trade flourished along the Medit. Sea. Olives were the number one product. Athens or Sparta: Sparta: Type of government? Oligarchy Role of boys and men: Lived in barracks at age 7. Returned home at 30 but stayed in army. Stayed in the army until age 60. Role of girls and women: Helped at home. Trained in sports to become strong mothers. Married at age 13-18. Kept up the household. Owned property and could travel on their own. What was important to them? Military- defending their city-state from the helots. Did not bother with luxury because they believed it made them weak. Athens: Type of government? Direct Democracy Role of boys and men: Went to school at 6 accompanied by a tutor. Went into the military at 18. Provide for their families. Chose their daughters husband. Role of girls and women: Did not go to school. Instead stayed home to learn “domestic” jobs. Would learn everything from their mothers. When they became mother’s they would teach their daughters. Married at 12/13 and ran the house. Did not leave the house alone. What was important to them? Art, literature, sharing time with others. Living a comfortable life. Held religion, education, and beauty in high regard. Persian War Expansion of the Persian Empire Important figures involved: Darius Important events: Darius reaches Greece with his powerful army. Built city of Persepolis. The Ionian revolt Important figures involved: Darius, Spartan King, Ionians, Athenians Important events: Ionians rebel against Persian rule. Sparta refuses to help because it would take 3 months for his men to march to Persia. Athens helps Ionia but Persia wins the war. Darius is angered by the Ionians rebellion and Athens helping them. Significance of the battle: Start of Persian War The Battle of Marathon Important figures involved: Darius, Miltiades, Pheidippides Important events: Stand off on Marathon’s shoreline. Persian general pulls his cavalry away to attack Athens. This leaves his infantry weakened. Athenians strategically attack and defeat the Persians. Significance of the battle: Gave Greek’s hope and confidence that they could defeat the Persian Army. The Battle of Thermopylae: Important figures involved: Xerxes and Leonidas Important events: The Spartans choose a battlefield in which the Persian army’s numbers do not matter. They are victorious for three days but when a Greek traitor tells Xerxes of a way to surround them the battle ends quickly. Significance of the battle: This battle showed the bravery of Greeks men. It showed that they were willing to die to hold the Persians back for as long as possible. The Battle of Salamis Important figures involved: Xerxes and Themistocles Important events: Greeks are forced to retreat to Salamis to regroup their army. Themistocles tricks Xerxes into entering a small channel in which the Persian ships are too large to maneuver away from Greek Attack. The Greek Navy sinks many of Xerxes ships. Significance of the battle: This battle combined with the Battle of Platea was the last straw for Xerxes. He retreated to Persia and did not attack Greece again. Athenian Democracy: What kind of democracy did Athens have? Direct Democracy What were the requirements for citizenship in Greece? Male that is at least 18 years of age. Landowner. Born in Athens Name 3 similarities between democracy used in Ancient Athens and the democracy we use today. Both sides in a trial can speak. Foreigners cannot vote. Citizens can speak freely. Who was Pericles and what did he do for Athens? Helped Athenians dominate the Delian League. Made Athens more democratic. Made sure the brightest minds held a government position. Rebuilt Athens. Peloponnesian War: What were some causes of the Peloponnesian War? 1. Tension between Sparta and Athens 2. Different kinds of societies 3. Athens expansion What weakened Athens during the war? Persia funding the Spartan Army. Disease Spreading through the city. The loss of Pericles. Losing their strong navy during the battle in Sicily. What happened to Athens after the war? Spartan Kings through out democracy and replaced it with tyrants. Athenians rebelled and set up a democracy but it was not the same. Like other Greek city-states they were conquered by Macedonia. Alexander the Great: Name three reasons why Alexander decided to attack Persia? His father wanted to conquer Persia. To unite the Greeks. To gain its wealth and empire. What did Alexander do to those who resisted him? To those who surrendered? Burned their city down. Kept their government officials and rebuilt the city. Why was Alexander so important to Greek culture? He helped spread Greek culture through the places he conquered. Expanding the customs, architecture, and ways of life to people and places that had never experienced it. Enduring Legacies: Name some enduring legacies from ancient Greece that can still be seen today: Democracy, theatre, Olympics, architecture, language