Download Y12 Biology 2016

Science: Year 12 Biology Course Outline
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
Curriculum Statement
The living world strand is about living things and how they interact with each other and
the environment. Students develop an understanding of the diversity of life and life
processes, of where and how life has evolved, of evolution as the link between life
processes and ecology, and of the impact of humans on all forms of life. As a result, they
are able to make more informed decisions about significant biological issues. The
emphasis is on the biology of New Zealand, including the sustainability of New Zealand’s
unique fauna and flora and distinctive ecosystems
Students will:
 Understand the relationship between organisms and their environment.
 Explore the evolutionary processes that have resulted in the diversity of life on
Earth and appreciate the place and impact of humans within these processes.
 Understand how humans manipulate the transfer of genetic information from one
generation to the next and make informed judgments about the social, ethical, and
biological implications relating to this manipulation
Course Expectations
Main Topics
Ecology: Ecological patterns and processes, illustrated by investigating aspects of local
communities in the field.
The Cell: Life processes at the Cellular level.
Animals: Adaptations of animals to their way of life.
Genetic variation: Biological concepts and processes that relate to genetic variation
and change.
Gene expression: Biological concepts and processes that relate gene expression.
How to achieve in Biology:
Homework is to be done after each lesson.
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After each lesson read through your notes and learn new vocabulary.
Complete any unfinished work and catch up missed work.
Attempt all written work or assignments set during the Year 12 Biology course.
Weekly – review your notes and write revision notes.
Take the time to list questions to ask the teacher if unsure of anything.
Download and practice previous exam questions.
Read around the topics studied using texts and other sources.
Prepare seriously for the exam and tests held during the year.
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
Assessment Calendar
Term / Date
Term 1 Week
6/7
Internal /
External
Internal
Standard
Name
Credits
Assessment
Data collection from field
work followed by written
report
Mid-year exams Endyear exams
and NCEA external
exams
Report writing
AS 91158
Version 2
2.6 Investigate a pattern in
an ecological community
4
2.4 Demonstrate an
understanding of life
processes at the cellular
level
2.3 Demonstrate
understanding of adaptations
of plants and animals to their
way of life
2.7 Demonstrate
understanding of gene
expression
4
2.5 Demonstrate
understanding of genetic
variation and change
4
Term2 Week
6/7
Term 3 Week
7/8
Term 3 Week
5
External
AS 91156
Version 2
Internal
AS 91155
Version 2
Term2 Week
6/7
Term 3 Week
7/8
Term 4 Week
1
External
AS 91159
Version 2
External
AS 91157
Version 2
3
4
Mid-year exams Endyear exams
and NCEA external
exams
End-of topic test and
NCEA external exams
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
Standards Outline
ECOLOGY
Subject Reference: Biology 2.6
Title: Investigate a pattern in an ecological community, with supervision
Level: 2
Credits: 4
Assessment: Internal
Achievement criteria:
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Investigate a pattern in an
ecological community with
supervision.
Investigate in-depth a
pattern in an ecological
community with
supervision.
Comprehensively investigate a
pattern in an ecological
community, with supervision.
This topic explores…
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Ecological distribution patterns, including zonation, stratification and
succession
Investigating of areas that show ecological distribution patterns
Investigating about environmental factors (abiotic [non living] and biotic
[living])
Investigations about the adaptations [biology] that organisms have to live in
their ecological niches
Interrelationships between different species
Making observations and collecting data that relating to the distribution
patterns (or absence of a pattern) from an ecological community
Relating observed distribution patterns to environmental factors
Core Vocabulary
Abiotic
Distribution
Microclimate
Profile diagram
Behavioural
adaptation
Biodiversity
Ecosystem
Mutualism
Pyramid of numbers
Endemic
Native
Pyramid of biomass
Biomass
Environment
Niche
Quadrat
Biotic
Exotic
Omnivore
Scavenger
Carnivore
Exploitation
Optimal range
Secondary consumer
Climax community
Filter feeding
Secondary succession
Coexistence
Food chain Food web
Physiological
adaptation
Pioneer species
Species
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
Community
Forage
Population
Stratification
Competition
Habitat
Predation
Structural adaptation
Consumer
Herbivore
Primary consumer
Succession
Decomposer
Host
Primary succession
Symbiotic
Density
Interspecific
Producer
Tolerance
Detritus
Intraspecific
Transect
Kite Diagram
Trophic level
Limiting Factor
Zonation
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
THE CELL
Subject Reference: Biology 2.4
Title: Demonstrate understanding of adaptations of life processes at the cellular
level
Level: 2
Credits: 4
Assessment: External
Achievement criteria:
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Demonstrate
understanding of
adaptations of life
processes at the cellular
level.
Demonstrate an in-depth
understanding of
adaptations of life
processes at the cellular
level.
Demonstrate a comprehensive
understanding of adaptations of
life processes at the cellular
level.
This topic explores…
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The differences and similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Cellular structure and features of plant and animal cells
The location and function of specific organelles (including [but not limited to]
the plasma membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, golgi body,
nucleolus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum,
ribosomes, amyloplasts, vacuoles, centrioles, cell wall, and microvilli)
Cell specification
The structure and function of the plasma membrane
The processes of diffusion, osmosis, active transport (including endocytosis
and exocytosis) and passive transport
The effect of plasmolysis and turgor on plant cells
Why cells are so small
The structure and role of enzymes as biological catalysts
The effect of substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, pH and
temperature on enzymatic activity
Key models of enzymes [induced fit vs. lock and key]
The role of chloroplasts as the site of photosynthesis
The process, products and function of photosynthesis
Factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs
The role of mitochondria as the site of cellular respiration
The process, products and function of cellular respiration
The role of the nucleus in the process of DNA replication
Phases of the cell cycle, including mitosis
The behaviour of chromosomes during photosynthesis
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
Core Vocabulary
Active transport
ATP
Diffusion
Endocytosis
Enzyme
Eukaryotic
Exocytosis
Ion pump
Organelle
Osmosis
Partially permeable
Passive transport
Plasma membrane
Plasmolysis
Prokaryotic
Turgor
Chloroplast
Amyloplast
Surface area: volume
ratio
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleolus
Nuclear pore
Nuclear membrane
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Cellulose
Cell wall
Vacuole
Tonoplast
Microvilli
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Centrioles
Cell transport
Thylakoids
Stroma
Lamellae
Microtubules
Protein synthesis
Secretion
Cellular respiration
Cytosis
Cell division
Autolysis
Fluid-mosaic model
Channel protein
Carrier protein
Diffusion
Channel-mediated
facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Carrier-mediated
facilitated diffusion
Phospholipid bilayer
Active transport
Tonicity
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Turgid
Flaccid
Exocytosis
Vesicle
Active site
Concentration
gradient
Anaerobic
Aerobic
ATP
Calvin cycle
Catalyst
Cellular respiration
Chromosome
Cytokinesis
Denaturation
DNA replication
Enzyme
Fermentation
Glycolysis
Electron transport
chain
Krebs cycle
Light dependent phase
Meiosis
Metabolic pathway
Mitosis
Light independent
phase
Photosynthesis
Inhibitors
Lock and key
Induced fit
Substrate
Active site
Reaction rates
ADP
Matrix
Cristae
Semi-conservative
replication
Chromatid
Centromere
Passive transport
Metabolism
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
Replication fork
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Daughter cell
Parent cell
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Gap phase
Spindle
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
ANIMALS
Subject Reference: Biology 2.3
Title: Demonstrate understanding of adaptation(s) of plants or animals to their way
of life
Level: 2
Credits: 3
Assessment: Internal
Achievement criteria:
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Demonstrate
understanding of
adaptation(s) of plants or
animals to their way of life
Demonstrate an in-depth
understanding of
adaptation(s) of plants or
animals to their way of life
Demonstrate a comprehensive
understanding of adaptation(s)
of plants or animals to their
way of life
This topic explores…
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The need of organisms to exchange respiratory gasses with their environment
The process of cellular respiration
The process of gas exchange
The features and significance of gas exchange surfaces with relation to gas
exchange rates
Examples of how the environment places constraints on the gas exchange
systems of animals
The diversity observed in structure and function of animal gas exchange
systems
How certain features of gas exchange systems are suitable to specific
environments
Insect gas exchange, including tracheae and spiracles
Fish gas exchange systems including gills
Gas exchange systems of air-breathing vertebrates, including lungs, bronchi,
bronchioles and alveoli
Different forms of ventilation and breathing
The relationship between gas exchange and circulation
The relationship of surface area to volume in different organisms with relation
to the internal transport system (or lack of)
The components and roles of transport systems
The role of blood or haemolymph in animals
The role of respiratory pigments
The diversity in structure and function of blood vessels
The diversity in structure and function of open and close circulatory systems
The diversity in structure and function of single and double circulatory
systems
The relationship between gas exchange and internal transport systems
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
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The structure and function of hearts in mammals and fish
The efficiency of the heart in different species
Core Vocabulary
Cellular respiration
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Gas exchange
Diffusion
Lungs
Tracheae
Gills
Spiracles
Trachiole
Diffusion gill
Tracheal gill
Concentration
gradients
Ventilating
Countercurrent flow
Lamellae
Alveoli
Lung
Bronchioles
Trachea
Capillaries
Inhalation
Inspiration
Expiration
Exhalation
Surfactant
Blood
White blood cell
Red blood cell
Platelets
Blood vessel
Capillary
Artery
Antifreeze
glycoproteins
Vein
Contraction
Expansion
Haemolymph
Closed circulatory
system
Systemic system
Oxygenated
Deoxygenated
Open circulatory
system
Pulmonary system
Pulmonary vein
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic vein
Hepatic portal vein
Renal vein
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Abdominal aorta
Hepatic artery
Mesenteric artery
Renal artery
Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendinae
Semi-lunar valve
Septum
Bicuspid valve
Pericardium
Thymus
Brachiocephalic
artery
Atrioventricular valve
Auricle
Apex
Papillary muscles
Endothelium
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
GENE EXPRESSION
Subject Reference: Biology 2.7
Title: Demonstrate understanding of gene expression
Level: 2
Credits: 4
Assessment: External
Achievement criteria:
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Demonstrate
understanding of gene
expression
Demonstrate an in-depth
understanding of gene
expression
Demonstrate a comprehensive
understanding of gene
expression
This topic explores…
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The structure, role and function of DNA, RNA and nucleic acids
The structure of a nucleotide
The double-helix model of DNA and the complementary base-pairing nature
of DNA
The structure and function of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
The nucleotide bases that contribute to the genetic code
The 3 letter triplet codes (codons) that make up the genetic code
The non-overlapping, linear nature of DNA and RNA
The degeneracy of the genetic code
The process of protein synthesis, including how we go from DNA to functional
protein
One-gene-one-polypeptide theory
Basic structure of amino acids and proteins, including primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary structures
Fibrous and globular proteins
The processes of transcription and translation in gene expression
The role of enzymes in controlling gene expression
Metabolic pathways, and how the end product of one reaction can be the
substrate for the next reaction
The role of enzymes in metabolic pathways
The determination of phenotype due to metabolic pathways
How mutagens can change genotype through mutation
The effect of the environment on phenotype
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
Core Vocabulary
DNA
Genes
Alleles
Protein
Chromosome
Exon
Intron
RNA
Nucleotides
Double helix
Chromatin
Chromatid
Nucleus
Eukaryote
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
Purine
Pyramidine
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Base-pairing rule
Gene expression
Transcription
Translation
Polymerase
Transcribed
Triplets
Codon
Promotor region
Terminator region
Template strand
Coding strand
Anticodon
Ribosome
DNA replication
Complementary strand
‘R’ group
Peptide bond
Polypeptide chain
Amino acids
Alpha helix
Beta pleated sheet
Globular protein
Fibrous protein
Metabolism
Metabolic pathway
Enzyme
Substrate
Product
Mutation
Somatic
Gametic
Harmful mutation
Silent mutation
Beneficial mutation
Mutagen
Phenotype
Genotype
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
GENETIC VARIATION AND CHANGE
Subject Reference: Biology 2.5
Title: Demonstrate understanding of genetic variation and change
Level: 2
Credits: 4
Assessment: External
Achievement criteria:
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Demonstrate
understanding of genetic
variation and change
Demonstrate an in-depth
understanding of genetic
variation and change
Demonstrate a comprehensive
understanding of genetic
variation and change
This topic explores…
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How alleles, genes and chromosomes are inherited
How genetic and environmental factors can lead to variation in a population
Discontinuous and continuous variation
The stages of meiosis, including crossing over, recombination and
independent assortment, and how these are significant with regards to
variation
Mendel’s principles of inheritance and how they have shaped our
understanding of heredity and evolution
Dihybrid and monohybrid crosses of unlinked, autosomal genes
What gene pools are, and the sources of variation that contribute to these
gene pools
How the allele frequencies of a gene pool change due to natural selection,
gene flow and genetic drift (founder effect and bottleneck effect)
The consequences of genetic drift and why it is important with regards to
genetic variation.
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.
Core Vocabulary
Allele
Chromosome
Homologous
Homologous pair
Assortment
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Dominant
Recessive
Paternal
Maternal
Locus
Mutations
Sexual reproduction
Phenotype
Genotype
Environmental factors Variation
Quantitative traits
Qualitative traits
Continuous variation
Deletion mutation
Insertion mutation
Substitution mutation
Discontinuous
variation
Inversion mutation
Frameshift
Non-frameshift
Point mutation
Amino acid
Polypeptide
Codon
Start codon
Stop codon
Meiosis
Chromatids
Crossing over
Spindle fibres
Centrioles
Gametes
Independent
assortment
Somatic
Gametic
N
2n
Haploid
Diploid
Particulate inheritance
Law of segregation
Monohybrid cross
Test cross
Dihybrid cross
Law of independent
assortment
True breeding
Codominance
Incomplete dominance
Lethal allele
Back cross
Punnett square
Linked genes
Linkage
Recombinant
Gene pool
Evolution
Immigration
Emigration
Natural selection
Geographical barrier
Mate choice
Genetic drift
Bottleneck effect
Founder effect
Genetic equilibrium
Stabilising selection
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Fitness
The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit
of Mary.