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Science: Year 12 Biology Course Outline The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. Curriculum Statement The living world strand is about living things and how they interact with each other and the environment. Students develop an understanding of the diversity of life and life processes, of where and how life has evolved, of evolution as the link between life processes and ecology, and of the impact of humans on all forms of life. As a result, they are able to make more informed decisions about significant biological issues. The emphasis is on the biology of New Zealand, including the sustainability of New Zealand’s unique fauna and flora and distinctive ecosystems Students will: Understand the relationship between organisms and their environment. Explore the evolutionary processes that have resulted in the diversity of life on Earth and appreciate the place and impact of humans within these processes. Understand how humans manipulate the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next and make informed judgments about the social, ethical, and biological implications relating to this manipulation Course Expectations Main Topics Ecology: Ecological patterns and processes, illustrated by investigating aspects of local communities in the field. The Cell: Life processes at the Cellular level. Animals: Adaptations of animals to their way of life. Genetic variation: Biological concepts and processes that relate to genetic variation and change. Gene expression: Biological concepts and processes that relate gene expression. How to achieve in Biology: Homework is to be done after each lesson. After each lesson read through your notes and learn new vocabulary. Complete any unfinished work and catch up missed work. Attempt all written work or assignments set during the Year 12 Biology course. Weekly – review your notes and write revision notes. Take the time to list questions to ask the teacher if unsure of anything. Download and practice previous exam questions. Read around the topics studied using texts and other sources. Prepare seriously for the exam and tests held during the year. The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. Assessment Calendar Term / Date Term 1 Week 6/7 Internal / External Internal Standard Name Credits Assessment Data collection from field work followed by written report Mid-year exams Endyear exams and NCEA external exams Report writing AS 91158 Version 2 2.6 Investigate a pattern in an ecological community 4 2.4 Demonstrate an understanding of life processes at the cellular level 2.3 Demonstrate understanding of adaptations of plants and animals to their way of life 2.7 Demonstrate understanding of gene expression 4 2.5 Demonstrate understanding of genetic variation and change 4 Term2 Week 6/7 Term 3 Week 7/8 Term 3 Week 5 External AS 91156 Version 2 Internal AS 91155 Version 2 Term2 Week 6/7 Term 3 Week 7/8 Term 4 Week 1 External AS 91159 Version 2 External AS 91157 Version 2 3 4 Mid-year exams Endyear exams and NCEA external exams End-of topic test and NCEA external exams The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. Standards Outline ECOLOGY Subject Reference: Biology 2.6 Title: Investigate a pattern in an ecological community, with supervision Level: 2 Credits: 4 Assessment: Internal Achievement criteria: Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Investigate a pattern in an ecological community with supervision. Investigate in-depth a pattern in an ecological community with supervision. Comprehensively investigate a pattern in an ecological community, with supervision. This topic explores… Ecological distribution patterns, including zonation, stratification and succession Investigating of areas that show ecological distribution patterns Investigating about environmental factors (abiotic [non living] and biotic [living]) Investigations about the adaptations [biology] that organisms have to live in their ecological niches Interrelationships between different species Making observations and collecting data that relating to the distribution patterns (or absence of a pattern) from an ecological community Relating observed distribution patterns to environmental factors Core Vocabulary Abiotic Distribution Microclimate Profile diagram Behavioural adaptation Biodiversity Ecosystem Mutualism Pyramid of numbers Endemic Native Pyramid of biomass Biomass Environment Niche Quadrat Biotic Exotic Omnivore Scavenger Carnivore Exploitation Optimal range Secondary consumer Climax community Filter feeding Secondary succession Coexistence Food chain Food web Physiological adaptation Pioneer species Species The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. Community Forage Population Stratification Competition Habitat Predation Structural adaptation Consumer Herbivore Primary consumer Succession Decomposer Host Primary succession Symbiotic Density Interspecific Producer Tolerance Detritus Intraspecific Transect Kite Diagram Trophic level Limiting Factor Zonation The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. THE CELL Subject Reference: Biology 2.4 Title: Demonstrate understanding of adaptations of life processes at the cellular level Level: 2 Credits: 4 Assessment: External Achievement criteria: Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Demonstrate understanding of adaptations of life processes at the cellular level. Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of adaptations of life processes at the cellular level. Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of adaptations of life processes at the cellular level. This topic explores… The differences and similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Cellular structure and features of plant and animal cells The location and function of specific organelles (including [but not limited to] the plasma membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, golgi body, nucleolus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, amyloplasts, vacuoles, centrioles, cell wall, and microvilli) Cell specification The structure and function of the plasma membrane The processes of diffusion, osmosis, active transport (including endocytosis and exocytosis) and passive transport The effect of plasmolysis and turgor on plant cells Why cells are so small The structure and role of enzymes as biological catalysts The effect of substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, pH and temperature on enzymatic activity Key models of enzymes [induced fit vs. lock and key] The role of chloroplasts as the site of photosynthesis The process, products and function of photosynthesis Factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs The role of mitochondria as the site of cellular respiration The process, products and function of cellular respiration The role of the nucleus in the process of DNA replication Phases of the cell cycle, including mitosis The behaviour of chromosomes during photosynthesis The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. Core Vocabulary Active transport ATP Diffusion Endocytosis Enzyme Eukaryotic Exocytosis Ion pump Organelle Osmosis Partially permeable Passive transport Plasma membrane Plasmolysis Prokaryotic Turgor Chloroplast Amyloplast Surface area: volume ratio Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Nuclear pore Nuclear membrane Nucleus Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Cellulose Cell wall Vacuole Tonoplast Microvilli Mitochondria Lysosome Centrioles Cell transport Thylakoids Stroma Lamellae Microtubules Protein synthesis Secretion Cellular respiration Cytosis Cell division Autolysis Fluid-mosaic model Channel protein Carrier protein Diffusion Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion Osmosis Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion Phospholipid bilayer Active transport Tonicity Hypertonic Hypotonic Turgid Flaccid Exocytosis Vesicle Active site Concentration gradient Anaerobic Aerobic ATP Calvin cycle Catalyst Cellular respiration Chromosome Cytokinesis Denaturation DNA replication Enzyme Fermentation Glycolysis Electron transport chain Krebs cycle Light dependent phase Meiosis Metabolic pathway Mitosis Light independent phase Photosynthesis Inhibitors Lock and key Induced fit Substrate Active site Reaction rates ADP Matrix Cristae Semi-conservative replication Chromatid Centromere Passive transport Metabolism The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. Replication fork Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Daughter cell Parent cell Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Gap phase Spindle The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. ANIMALS Subject Reference: Biology 2.3 Title: Demonstrate understanding of adaptation(s) of plants or animals to their way of life Level: 2 Credits: 3 Assessment: Internal Achievement criteria: Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Demonstrate understanding of adaptation(s) of plants or animals to their way of life Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of adaptation(s) of plants or animals to their way of life Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of adaptation(s) of plants or animals to their way of life This topic explores… The need of organisms to exchange respiratory gasses with their environment The process of cellular respiration The process of gas exchange The features and significance of gas exchange surfaces with relation to gas exchange rates Examples of how the environment places constraints on the gas exchange systems of animals The diversity observed in structure and function of animal gas exchange systems How certain features of gas exchange systems are suitable to specific environments Insect gas exchange, including tracheae and spiracles Fish gas exchange systems including gills Gas exchange systems of air-breathing vertebrates, including lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli Different forms of ventilation and breathing The relationship between gas exchange and circulation The relationship of surface area to volume in different organisms with relation to the internal transport system (or lack of) The components and roles of transport systems The role of blood or haemolymph in animals The role of respiratory pigments The diversity in structure and function of blood vessels The diversity in structure and function of open and close circulatory systems The diversity in structure and function of single and double circulatory systems The relationship between gas exchange and internal transport systems The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. The structure and function of hearts in mammals and fish The efficiency of the heart in different species Core Vocabulary Cellular respiration Oxygen Carbon dioxide Gas exchange Diffusion Lungs Tracheae Gills Spiracles Trachiole Diffusion gill Tracheal gill Concentration gradients Ventilating Countercurrent flow Lamellae Alveoli Lung Bronchioles Trachea Capillaries Inhalation Inspiration Expiration Exhalation Surfactant Blood White blood cell Red blood cell Platelets Blood vessel Capillary Artery Antifreeze glycoproteins Vein Contraction Expansion Haemolymph Closed circulatory system Systemic system Oxygenated Deoxygenated Open circulatory system Pulmonary system Pulmonary vein Superior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Inferior vena cava Hepatic vein Hepatic portal vein Renal vein Pulmonary artery Aorta Left atrium Left ventricle Abdominal aorta Hepatic artery Mesenteric artery Renal artery Tricuspid valve Chordae tendinae Semi-lunar valve Septum Bicuspid valve Pericardium Thymus Brachiocephalic artery Atrioventricular valve Auricle Apex Papillary muscles Endothelium The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. GENE EXPRESSION Subject Reference: Biology 2.7 Title: Demonstrate understanding of gene expression Level: 2 Credits: 4 Assessment: External Achievement criteria: Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Demonstrate understanding of gene expression Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of gene expression Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of gene expression This topic explores… The structure, role and function of DNA, RNA and nucleic acids The structure of a nucleotide The double-helix model of DNA and the complementary base-pairing nature of DNA The structure and function of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA The nucleotide bases that contribute to the genetic code The 3 letter triplet codes (codons) that make up the genetic code The non-overlapping, linear nature of DNA and RNA The degeneracy of the genetic code The process of protein synthesis, including how we go from DNA to functional protein One-gene-one-polypeptide theory Basic structure of amino acids and proteins, including primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures Fibrous and globular proteins The processes of transcription and translation in gene expression The role of enzymes in controlling gene expression Metabolic pathways, and how the end product of one reaction can be the substrate for the next reaction The role of enzymes in metabolic pathways The determination of phenotype due to metabolic pathways How mutagens can change genotype through mutation The effect of the environment on phenotype The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. Core Vocabulary DNA Genes Alleles Protein Chromosome Exon Intron RNA Nucleotides Double helix Chromatin Chromatid Nucleus Eukaryote Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil Purine Pyramidine Deoxyribose Ribose Base-pairing rule Gene expression Transcription Translation Polymerase Transcribed Triplets Codon Promotor region Terminator region Template strand Coding strand Anticodon Ribosome DNA replication Complementary strand ‘R’ group Peptide bond Polypeptide chain Amino acids Alpha helix Beta pleated sheet Globular protein Fibrous protein Metabolism Metabolic pathway Enzyme Substrate Product Mutation Somatic Gametic Harmful mutation Silent mutation Beneficial mutation Mutagen Phenotype Genotype The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. GENETIC VARIATION AND CHANGE Subject Reference: Biology 2.5 Title: Demonstrate understanding of genetic variation and change Level: 2 Credits: 4 Assessment: External Achievement criteria: Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Demonstrate understanding of genetic variation and change Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of genetic variation and change Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of genetic variation and change This topic explores… How alleles, genes and chromosomes are inherited How genetic and environmental factors can lead to variation in a population Discontinuous and continuous variation The stages of meiosis, including crossing over, recombination and independent assortment, and how these are significant with regards to variation Mendel’s principles of inheritance and how they have shaped our understanding of heredity and evolution Dihybrid and monohybrid crosses of unlinked, autosomal genes What gene pools are, and the sources of variation that contribute to these gene pools How the allele frequencies of a gene pool change due to natural selection, gene flow and genetic drift (founder effect and bottleneck effect) The consequences of genetic drift and why it is important with regards to genetic variation. The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary. Core Vocabulary Allele Chromosome Homologous Homologous pair Assortment Heterozygous Homozygous Dominant Recessive Paternal Maternal Locus Mutations Sexual reproduction Phenotype Genotype Environmental factors Variation Quantitative traits Qualitative traits Continuous variation Deletion mutation Insertion mutation Substitution mutation Discontinuous variation Inversion mutation Frameshift Non-frameshift Point mutation Amino acid Polypeptide Codon Start codon Stop codon Meiosis Chromatids Crossing over Spindle fibres Centrioles Gametes Independent assortment Somatic Gametic N 2n Haploid Diploid Particulate inheritance Law of segregation Monohybrid cross Test cross Dihybrid cross Law of independent assortment True breeding Codominance Incomplete dominance Lethal allele Back cross Punnett square Linked genes Linkage Recombinant Gene pool Evolution Immigration Emigration Natural selection Geographical barrier Mate choice Genetic drift Bottleneck effect Founder effect Genetic equilibrium Stabilising selection Directional selection Disruptive selection Fitness The Marist College community is committed to fostering excellence in education founded on living Catholic values and the spirit of Mary.