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AWADHESH PRATP SINGH UNIVERSITY REWA (M.P.) INDIA SYLLABUS FOR M. Sc Environmental Biology School of Environmental Biology Awadhesh Pratap Singh University Rewa-486001 (M.P.) INDIA 2011-2012 AWADHESH PRATP SINGH UNIVERSITY REWA (M.P.) M. Sc Environmental Biology SYLLABUS SEMESTER SYSTEM SEMESTER SEMESTER SEMESTER SEMESTER I II III IV August to December January to May August to December January to May PREMBLE: 1 2 3 4 Note: 1 2 This course will be of two academic years duration completed through four semester Each Semester will have four theory papers There will be on separate practical examination for each semester at the end of each semester examination There will be two seminars in each semester based on four theory papers. The seminar will be conducted and evaluated by the teachers concern. The internal assessment is in the form of seminars In each semester at least 50% theory papers should be set by external examiners. MARKS BREAKUP OF EACH SEMESTER I Each theory papers 75 marks each Total of four papers 300 marks total II One Practical for each Semester 100 Marks A practical based on the four theory papers of 6 hours duration will be conducted at the end of the each semester examination III Each Seminar 25 Marks each Total two seminars 50 Total 1. Semester I = 450 Marks 2. Semester II = 450 Marks 3. Semester III = 450 Marks 4. Semester IV = 450 Marks Grand total = 1 800 Marks THEORY PAPER FOR EACH SEMESTER SEMESTER Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV SEMESTER Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV SEMESTER Paper I Paper II Paper III Bioremediation Paper IV SEMESTER Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV - I Ecological Principles Abiotic Environment Biotic Environment Basic methods in Ecology - II Biodiversity and conservation Environmental Physiology Environmental Pollution Ecological Statistics - III Applied Environmental Microbiology Conservation and Management of resources Pollution control, waste management and - Environmental Laws and Policies - IV Ecotoxicology Forest Ecology Environmental Biotechnology Environmental Impact Assessment M.Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER - I PAPER - I Ecological Principles 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The meaning, concept and scope of Environmental Biology/Science, Environmental ethics Ecosystem : Concept, Structure and functions Food chains, Productivity, Food webs and Ecological pyramids Ecological energetic, first and second laws of thermodynamic, Energy flow Homeostasis and feed back mechanisms. The Cybernatics system and stability of ecosystem Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem, Desert ecosystem and Aquatic ecosystem, Wetland ecosystem. Concept of limiting factors: Liebigs and Shelford laws of limiting factors. Biogeochemical cycles: Concept, gaseous and sedimentary cycles, Recycle pathways, Pollution and biogeochemical cycles M.Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER I PAPER - II ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT 1 2 3 4 5 Lithosphere: Origin and evolution of Earth, Earth crust, Soils; classification of soils, soil formation, soil forming processes, Rocks; Sedimentary, Igneous and Metamorphic rocks, Weathering of rocks, Geographical divisions of Earth Hydrosphere: Global, Surface and Ground water availability, uses, freshwater shortage and associated problems, Hydrological cycles Atmosphere: Compositions and divisions of atmosphere, convection and atmospheric pressure, atmospheric winds, clouds and precipitation, atmospheric humidity, temperature and light, Coriolis effects, Solar radiation, Solar pond Climate: A brief introduction of weather and climate, air circulation and climate, Ocean current and climate, chemical makeup of atmosphere and climate, Seasonal winds and monsoon, frontal weather, climate of India, Indian monsoon, EL Nino, Tropical cyclones, Western disturbance, Weather modification. Meteorological factors: Measurement and their influences on living organisms M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER I PAPER - III BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT 1. Concept of population- Population attributes, Population growth forms, Basic concepts of growth rates, intrinsic rate of natural increase. Life history traits (strategy) in different groups of biota, Life table, Population fluctuation and Population cycles. 2. Population patterns- ‘r’ and ‘K’ selection, Concept of density dependent and density independent actions in population regulation. Ecotypes and ecophene, Concept of carrying capacity 3. Interspecific Interactions- Positive and Negative (Commensalisms, Mutualism, Predation, Parasitism, Competition, Antibioses). Coevolution, Cooperation and complexity, Allelopathy. 4. Concept of Biotic Community- Attributes, Structure and Composition, Stratification, Ecotone and Edge effect. Keystone species induced species and community change. 5. Development of community- Trends and stages of ecosystem development. Concept of climax theories. 6. Concepts of Habitat Ecological Niche and Guild. Niche width and overlap, Ecological equivalent, Ecological amplitude, competition and niche. 7. Population Genetics and Fire ecology M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER I PAPER - IV BASIC METHODS IN ECOLOGY PART-I Vegetation Studies (Terrestrial) 1. Description of Vegetation: Life forms structure, Stratification 2. Sampling of vegetation: Determination of minimum size of the quadrate, Determination of minimum number of quadrates, Frequency, Density, Abundance, cover, Importance Value Index (IVI), Vegetation Mapping. 3. Primary Production and energy studies: Chlorophyll estimation, Leaf Area Index, Estimation of calorific value, Litter production estimation. 4. Remote Sensing: Concept, Methods and Application in Environmental Monitoring and Management PART- II Aquatic Ecosystem 1. Sampling of Aquatic macrophytes, Zooplanktons and phytoplanktons. PART – III Animal Population Studies 1. Sampling of animal population 2. Population estimation using suitable methods for various habitats 3. Measurement of secondary production PART – IV Analysis of Ecological Materials 1. Analysis of water quality parameters (DO, BOD, COD, Hardness) 2. Analysis of air quality parameters (PM10, PM2.5 SO2, NOx ) 3. Soil analysis (Organic matter, N2) M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER II PAPER - I BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 1. Introduction to Biodiversity: The Global Perspective, Biogeographical regions of India, Concept and impotence of Biodiversity. Level of biological Organization 2. Types : Species diversity, Genetic diversity, Pattern diversity, Alpha, Beta and Gama diversity, Ecosystem diversity, Measuring of species diversity, Factors related to tropical species diversity 3. Mega diversity regions of India, Hot spots of biodiversity, Diversity trends of different ecosystem, diversity and distribution of wild life in India 4. Threats to biodiversity, Human interference and habitat destruction, biological invasion, natural calamities. Importance of biodiversity conservation. Strategies for biodiversity conservation. In-situ and exsitu conservation, wildlife habitats and their conservation. 5. International conventions on biodiversity, Red and Green Data Books, an overview on Endemic, extinct, endangered, vulnerable and, rare species, 6. Existing conservation projects: Tiger, Rhino, Elephant, Turtles, Crocodiles, coral reefs and Mangroves. M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER II PAPER - II ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1. General Aspects of Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur and Energy metabolism 2. Photosynthesis : Dry matter production and carbon Budget, C3 and C4 plants 3. Transpiration and Water balance in plants 4. Biological Nitrogen fixation, Ecology of mineral nutrition, Calcicole and calcifuge plants 5. Physiology of reproduction : photoperiodism and verbalization 6. Secondary metabolites in plants and microbes 7. Seed germination and dormancy, Methods to break seed dormancy 8. Stress due to extreme temperature, Drought, Pollution injury, Oxygen deficient situations, Salt stress 9. Periodicities : Phenology, Phenological phenomenon in tropical and temperate communities M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER II PAPER - III ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 1. Environmental Pollution and pollutants : Concept, Definition and characteristics 2. Sources and types of air pollutants and their chemistry, photochemical reactions, Inversion and mixing height, wind roses. 3. Oxides of carbon, Consequences of global warming, Green house and global warming, Ozone depletion, Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, PAN, Acid rains, Particulate pollution, Aerosols, Effects of air pollutants on ecosystem components (Particularly plants and animals), Levels of air pollutant in India, Auto exhaust emissions, Noise pollution 4. Water pollution : Sources and types of water pollutants, Effects of water pollutants on ecosystem, underground water pollution, heavy metals and their effects on biota, nuclear pollution, thermal pollution 5. Electronic waste (E-waste): Sources and types, constituents of Ewastes, recycling of e-wastes and its impacts on environment, management of e-wastes 6. Physical and chemical properties of soil: A brief account. Sources and classes of soil pollutants and their environmental effects. Solid Wastes: Pollution and disposal problems, Hospital Wastes and their effects and disposal 7. Pesticides : Classification, Chemical properties, effects on living organisms M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER II PAPER - IV ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS 1. Collection and Representation of Data : Collection of Data; Classification of Data; Tabulation of Data; Graphical Representation of Data- Histogram, Frequency polygon, Frequency curve, Relative frequency map, cumulative frequency curve and dot (Scatter) diagram. Diagrammatic Representation of Data – Line diagram, Bar diagrams and Pie-diagrams 2. Measuring of Central Tendency : Mean, Median, Mode, Frequency array 3. Measuring dispersion : Range, Standard Deviation, Mean deviation, Coefficient of variation, Normal Distribution; Binomial Distribution and Poisson Distribution, Measuring Standard deviation for grouped Data 4. Standard Error of Mean, Standard Error of Standard Deviation, confidence limits 5. Correlation, Coefficient of Correlation 6. Linear regression, Computation of equation to linear regression 7. Null hypothesis, Gaia Hypothesis, Test of Significance : Student’s ‘t’ test, Chi-square test and F-test, Analysis of variance, 8. Models: Compartment, Stochistic Model, Box model M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER III PAPER - I APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 1. Introduction to Microbiology : (I) Evolution of Microbiology (II) Characterization and Classification of Micro-organisms (III) Cultivation and identification of Micro-organisms 2. Study of Different Micro-organisms : (I) Morphology and Fine Structure of Bacteria, Fungi, Yeast, Algal and Viruses (II) Reproduction and Growth of Bacteria, Fungi, Algal, Yeasts and Viruses (III) Microbial enzymes and their regulation (IV) Energy production and energy utilization in Microorganisms 3. Soil Microbiology : (I) Microbes in soil, role of microbes in nitrogen fixation, microbial associations and their control (II) Microbial flora of water, Bacteriological examination of water (MPN, TPC etc.) Study of treatment plant and methods of solid waste disposal, Algal blooms 4. Microbiology of foods : (I) Microbial flora of foods, Microbial Spoillage and examination, preservation of foods, Fermented foods, Microorganisms as foods (SCP) (II) Micro-organism in Milk and Milk products, Pasteurization of Milk, examination of milk micro-organisms 5. Industrial Microbiology : (I) Industrial use of Bacterial – Lactic Acid Production, Vinegar Production, Biogas Production (II) Industrial use Molds – Penicillin Production (III) Industrial use of yeast – Alcohol production (IV) Vaccine Production M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER III PAPER - II CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RESOURECES 1. Resources : Definition, concept and classification, Renewable and non renewable resources, Major resources- Water, Land, Soil, Forest, Wild life and Fisheries 2. Identification and description of various threats to different ecosystem with particular reference to Fresh water , Forest, Grassland, Estuary, and Wetlands 3. Ecological principles governing the use of natural resources population- resource relationship 4. Principles of Environmental conservation and management, Ecological accounting, Biological control of Geo-chemical environment. 5. Conservation and management of natural resources : (a) Wild life : In-situ and Ex-situ conservation (National parks and Sanctuaries) (b) Energy conservation (c) Biological diversity – Biosphere reserve (d) Biological control and integrated pest management (e) Aquaculture 6. Environmental Administration: Role of government and nongovernment organization, Environmental Education and awareness 7. Sustainable Development : Environment and Development, History, Evolution and Concept of Sustainability, Dimension of sustainable development, Framework for achieving sustainability and Assessment of sustainable development M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER III PAPER - III POLUTION CONTROL, WASTE MANAGEMENT AND BIOREMEDIATION 1. Air Pollution management and control technology-air pollution sampling and measurement, air pollution control methods and equipments, control of specific gaseous pollutants. 2. Water pollution management and control technology waste water sampling and analysis, waste water treatment, primary, secondary and advanced waste water treatment 3. Marine pollution management and control technology sampling and measurement of marine pollution, control of marine pollution 4. Land pollution management –methods of collection, sampling, Disposal, Concept of 5 “R”. 5. Municipal waste management, Hazardous waste management, waste recycling, biogas production from waste, Characterization of hospital wastes and their management 6. Concept and types of bioremediation, Bioaugmentation, bioremediation of sludge, biodegradation of toxic substances by microbes, Phytoremediation of air and water pollution, Phytoextraction and Biofilteration techniques for waste management 7. Technologies to minimize and combat climate change, Clean Development Mechanisms and carbon credits and carbon trading, conventions on climate change 8. Disaster Management M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER III PAPER - IV ENVIRONMETNAL LAWS AND POLICIES 1. Environmental Protection issues and problems. International and national efforts for environmental protection, Environmental and constitution 2. Environmental policy resolution, Legislation. The Water (Prevention and control of pollution) act 1974 as amended up to 1988 and Rules 1975. The Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act 1981 as amended by 1987 and rules 1982. Motor Vehicle Act 1988 3. The Environmental Protection Act 1986 and Rules 1986. Hazardous waste management and handling rules 1989 amendments thereof 2000, Disaster Management Act 2005. 4. Hospital waste management and Handling rules 1998. solid waste management Rules 1999, Public liability Insurance Act 1991 and Rules 1991 5. Wildlife protection Act 1972, Amended 1991, Forest conservation Act 1980, Indian forest Act (revised) 1982 M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER IV PAPER - I ECOTOXICOLOGY 1. Principles and mechanisms of toxicity, Basic Problems of toxicology, factors affecting concentration of Toxicants in environment, Toxicity test, Dose-effect and dose response 2. General aspects of fate and effects: Media and compartments, Entry pathways, Environmental Fate, Sinks, Surface water compartment, Soil compartment, Bioavailability. Effects, uptake, types of effects; Acute and chronic 3. Cellular response profile to chemical stress: Interaction with membrane process, Intracellular fate of chemicals, Intracellular receptors, reaction with nuclear structures and functions, Protective molecules and processes, Cell injury and death 4. Biotransformation, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnifications, Ecotoxicology of pesticides and herbicides, Toxicity of hydrocarbons. 5. Toxicity of heavy metals: Pb, Hg, Cd, AS, CO and Ni. Carcinogens and Carcinogenesis and Mutagens, Immunotoxic agents, 6. Risk and Hazardous, chemical hazardous and Toxicology, Risk analysis, Risk management. Environmental toxicants and human health-role of FAO, WHO and EPA; impact assessment M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER IV PAPER - II FOREST ECOLOGY 1. Origin and evolution of forests, forest types (a) Natural forest and (b) Manmade forest (Plantations) 2. Forest as an ecosystem : Structural attributes : Composition of different forest, phytosociological attributes; density and dominance relations of different forest communities. Forest stratification and canopy structure, microclimate 3. Functional Attributes : (a) Energy flow : process, importance of food chains, trophic structure, productivity of different forests (b) Material cycling : Important nutrients in the ecosystem, nutrient cycling in temperate and tropical forest, litter production and dynamics 4. Forest Ground floor ecology Ecology of seed placement and germination in forests, seedlings growth, seedling establishment, strategies, characteristics of soils of different forest 5. Silviculture aspects : Science of silviculture, silviculture practices and management of Indian forests with special reference to environmental requirements 6. Forest wild life: Important wildlife of India 6. Man-forest Interactions : Important tribes in relations to forest; their subsistence and survival M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER IV PAPER - III ENVIRONMETNAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1. Gene morphology and structure, concept of genetic engineering, DNA technology, application of biotechnology in environmental management 2. Pollution control using engineered microorganisms, biotechnological conversion of water into useful substances, Biomass and Biofuel, Bio-filters for air pollution control and Biosensors 3. Application of Biotechnology in the field of Agriculture – BT cotton, BT Brinjal. Disease free verities of plants and trees. Transgenic plants 4. Biodegradation of xenobiotics, hydrocarbons, oil pollution, pesticides Vermiculture and vermin-composting, biopesticides, biofertilizers 5. Plant and animal cell, tissue and organ culture. Application of tissue culture M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER IV PAPER - III ENVIRONMETNAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Origin and Development, EIA Development in India. Frame work of EIA, EIA guidelines 1994 and 2006 2. Requirement for Impact Assessment main steps of Impact Assessment the pre study, the study period and the post study period activities 3. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment (I) Adhoc method, Check lists, Matrix methods, Networks 4. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment (II) Evaluation systems, modeling and computer aided Assessment 5. Prediction and Assessment of Impacts on air and water environment 6. Prediction and Assessment of impacts on energy, noise, socioeconomic and biological components 7. Case Studies with particular reference to : Hydel Project Mining project Thermal Power plant Cement Industry Paper Industry 8. Public Participation in Environmental decision making, Future of EIA 9. Writing of Environmental Impact Statement, Environmental Management Plan 10. Environmental Auditing, Coast and Benefit analysis, Life Cycle Assessment