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AWADHESH PRATP SINGH UNIVERSITY
REWA (M.P.) INDIA
SYLLABUS FOR
M. Sc
Environmental Biology
School of Environmental Biology
Awadhesh Pratap Singh University Rewa-486001
(M.P.) INDIA
2011-2012
AWADHESH PRATP SINGH UNIVERSITY
REWA (M.P.)
M. Sc
Environmental Biology
SYLLABUS
SEMESTER SYSTEM
SEMESTER
SEMESTER
SEMESTER
SEMESTER
I
II
III
IV
August to December
January to May
August to December
January to May
PREMBLE:
1
2
3
4
Note:
1
2
This course will be of two academic years duration completed through four
semester
Each Semester will have four theory papers
There will be on separate practical examination for each semester at the end of
each semester examination
There will be two seminars in each semester based on four theory papers. The
seminar will be conducted and evaluated by the teachers concern.
The internal assessment is in the form of seminars
In each semester at least 50% theory papers should be set by external
examiners.
MARKS BREAKUP OF EACH SEMESTER
I
Each theory papers
75 marks each
Total of four papers
300 marks total
II
One Practical for each Semester
100 Marks
A practical based on the four theory papers of 6 hours duration will be
conducted at the end of the each semester examination
III
Each Seminar
25 Marks each
Total two seminars
50 Total
1.
Semester
I
=
450 Marks
2.
Semester
II
=
450 Marks
3.
Semester
III
=
450 Marks
4.
Semester
IV
=
450 Marks
Grand total
=
1
800 Marks
THEORY PAPER FOR EACH SEMESTER
SEMESTER
Paper I
Paper II
Paper III
Paper IV
SEMESTER
Paper I
Paper II
Paper III
Paper IV
SEMESTER
Paper I
Paper II
Paper III
Bioremediation
Paper IV
SEMESTER
Paper I
Paper II
Paper III
Paper IV
-
I
Ecological Principles
Abiotic Environment
Biotic Environment
Basic methods in Ecology
-
II
Biodiversity and conservation
Environmental Physiology
Environmental Pollution
Ecological Statistics
-
III
Applied Environmental Microbiology
Conservation and Management of resources
Pollution control, waste management and
-
Environmental Laws and Policies
-
IV
Ecotoxicology
Forest Ecology
Environmental Biotechnology
Environmental Impact Assessment
M.Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER - I
PAPER - I
Ecological Principles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The meaning, concept and scope of Environmental
Biology/Science, Environmental ethics
Ecosystem : Concept, Structure and functions
Food chains, Productivity, Food webs and Ecological
pyramids
Ecological energetic, first and second laws of
thermodynamic, Energy flow
Homeostasis and feed back mechanisms. The Cybernatics
system and stability of ecosystem
Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem, Desert ecosystem
and Aquatic ecosystem, Wetland ecosystem.
Concept of limiting factors: Liebigs and Shelford laws of
limiting factors.
Biogeochemical cycles: Concept, gaseous and sedimentary
cycles, Recycle pathways, Pollution and biogeochemical
cycles
M.Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER I
PAPER - II
ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT
1
2
3
4
5
Lithosphere: Origin and evolution of Earth, Earth crust, Soils;
classification of soils, soil formation, soil forming processes,
Rocks; Sedimentary, Igneous and Metamorphic rocks, Weathering
of rocks, Geographical divisions of Earth
Hydrosphere: Global, Surface and Ground water availability, uses,
freshwater shortage and associated problems, Hydrological cycles
Atmosphere: Compositions and divisions of atmosphere,
convection and atmospheric pressure, atmospheric winds, clouds
and precipitation, atmospheric humidity, temperature and light,
Coriolis effects, Solar radiation, Solar pond
Climate: A brief introduction of weather and climate, air
circulation and climate, Ocean current and climate, chemical
makeup of atmosphere and climate, Seasonal winds and monsoon,
frontal weather, climate of India, Indian monsoon, EL Nino,
Tropical cyclones, Western disturbance, Weather modification.
Meteorological factors: Measurement and their influences on
living organisms
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER I
PAPER - III
BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT
1. Concept of population- Population attributes, Population growth
forms, Basic concepts of growth rates, intrinsic rate of natural
increase. Life history traits (strategy) in different groups of biota, Life
table, Population fluctuation and Population cycles.
2. Population patterns- ‘r’ and ‘K’ selection, Concept of density
dependent and density independent actions in population regulation.
Ecotypes and ecophene, Concept of carrying capacity
3. Interspecific Interactions- Positive and Negative (Commensalisms,
Mutualism, Predation, Parasitism, Competition, Antibioses).
Coevolution, Cooperation and complexity, Allelopathy.
4. Concept of Biotic Community- Attributes, Structure and Composition,
Stratification, Ecotone and Edge effect. Keystone species induced
species and community change.
5. Development of community- Trends and stages of ecosystem
development. Concept of climax theories.
6. Concepts of Habitat Ecological Niche and Guild. Niche width and
overlap, Ecological equivalent, Ecological amplitude, competition and
niche.
7. Population Genetics and Fire ecology
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER I
PAPER - IV
BASIC METHODS IN ECOLOGY
PART-I Vegetation Studies (Terrestrial)
1. Description of Vegetation: Life forms structure, Stratification
2. Sampling of vegetation: Determination of minimum size of the
quadrate, Determination of minimum number of quadrates,
Frequency, Density, Abundance, cover, Importance Value Index
(IVI), Vegetation Mapping.
3. Primary Production and energy studies: Chlorophyll estimation, Leaf
Area Index, Estimation of calorific value, Litter production
estimation.
4. Remote Sensing: Concept, Methods and Application in Environmental
Monitoring and Management
PART- II Aquatic Ecosystem
1. Sampling of Aquatic macrophytes, Zooplanktons and phytoplanktons.
PART – III Animal Population Studies
1. Sampling of animal population
2. Population estimation using suitable methods for various habitats
3. Measurement of secondary production
PART – IV Analysis of Ecological Materials
1. Analysis of water quality parameters (DO, BOD, COD, Hardness)
2. Analysis of air quality parameters (PM10, PM2.5 SO2, NOx )
3. Soil analysis (Organic matter, N2)
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER II
PAPER - I
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
1. Introduction to Biodiversity: The Global Perspective, Biogeographical
regions of India, Concept and impotence of Biodiversity. Level of
biological Organization
2. Types : Species diversity, Genetic diversity, Pattern diversity, Alpha,
Beta and Gama diversity, Ecosystem diversity, Measuring of species
diversity, Factors related to tropical species diversity
3. Mega diversity regions of India, Hot spots of biodiversity, Diversity
trends of different ecosystem, diversity and distribution of wild life in
India
4. Threats to biodiversity, Human interference and habitat destruction,
biological invasion, natural calamities. Importance of biodiversity
conservation. Strategies for biodiversity conservation. In-situ and exsitu conservation, wildlife habitats and their conservation.
5. International conventions on biodiversity, Red and Green Data Books,
an overview on Endemic, extinct, endangered, vulnerable and, rare
species,
6. Existing conservation projects: Tiger, Rhino, Elephant, Turtles,
Crocodiles, coral reefs and Mangroves.
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER II
PAPER - II
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
1. General Aspects of Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur and Energy
metabolism
2. Photosynthesis : Dry matter production and carbon Budget, C3 and C4
plants
3. Transpiration and Water balance in plants
4. Biological Nitrogen fixation, Ecology of mineral nutrition, Calcicole
and calcifuge plants
5. Physiology of reproduction : photoperiodism and verbalization
6. Secondary metabolites in plants and microbes
7. Seed germination and dormancy, Methods to break seed dormancy
8. Stress due to extreme temperature, Drought, Pollution injury, Oxygen
deficient situations, Salt stress
9. Periodicities : Phenology, Phenological phenomenon in tropical and
temperate communities
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER II
PAPER - III
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
1. Environmental Pollution and pollutants : Concept, Definition and
characteristics
2. Sources and types of air pollutants and their chemistry, photochemical
reactions, Inversion and mixing height, wind roses.
3. Oxides of carbon, Consequences of global warming, Green house and
global warming, Ozone depletion, Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen,
PAN, Acid rains, Particulate pollution, Aerosols, Effects of air
pollutants on ecosystem
components (Particularly plants and
animals), Levels of air pollutant in India, Auto exhaust emissions,
Noise pollution
4. Water pollution : Sources and types of water pollutants, Effects of
water pollutants on ecosystem, underground water pollution, heavy
metals and their effects on biota, nuclear pollution, thermal pollution
5. Electronic waste (E-waste): Sources and types, constituents of Ewastes, recycling of e-wastes and its impacts on environment,
management of e-wastes
6. Physical and chemical properties of soil: A brief account. Sources and
classes of soil pollutants and their environmental effects. Solid
Wastes: Pollution and disposal problems, Hospital Wastes and their
effects and disposal
7. Pesticides : Classification, Chemical properties, effects on living
organisms
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER II
PAPER - IV
ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS
1. Collection and Representation of Data : Collection of Data;
Classification of Data; Tabulation of Data; Graphical Representation
of Data- Histogram, Frequency polygon, Frequency curve, Relative
frequency map, cumulative frequency curve and dot (Scatter)
diagram. Diagrammatic Representation of Data – Line diagram, Bar
diagrams and Pie-diagrams
2. Measuring of Central Tendency : Mean, Median, Mode, Frequency
array
3. Measuring dispersion : Range, Standard Deviation, Mean deviation,
Coefficient of variation, Normal Distribution; Binomial Distribution
and Poisson Distribution, Measuring Standard deviation for grouped
Data
4. Standard Error of Mean, Standard Error of Standard Deviation,
confidence limits
5. Correlation, Coefficient of Correlation
6. Linear regression, Computation of equation to linear regression
7. Null hypothesis, Gaia Hypothesis, Test of Significance : Student’s ‘t’
test, Chi-square test and F-test, Analysis of variance,
8. Models: Compartment, Stochistic Model, Box model
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER III
PAPER - I
APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
1. Introduction to Microbiology :
(I)
Evolution of Microbiology
(II) Characterization and Classification of Micro-organisms
(III) Cultivation and identification of Micro-organisms
2. Study of Different Micro-organisms :
(I)
Morphology and Fine Structure of Bacteria, Fungi, Yeast,
Algal and Viruses
(II) Reproduction and Growth of Bacteria, Fungi, Algal, Yeasts
and Viruses
(III) Microbial enzymes and their regulation
(IV) Energy production and energy utilization in Microorganisms
3. Soil Microbiology :
(I)
Microbes in soil, role of microbes in nitrogen fixation,
microbial associations and their control
(II) Microbial flora of water, Bacteriological examination of
water (MPN, TPC etc.) Study of treatment plant and
methods of solid waste disposal, Algal blooms
4. Microbiology of foods :
(I)
Microbial flora of foods, Microbial Spoillage and
examination, preservation of foods, Fermented foods,
Microorganisms as foods (SCP)
(II) Micro-organism in Milk and Milk products, Pasteurization
of Milk, examination of milk micro-organisms
5. Industrial Microbiology :
(I)
Industrial use of Bacterial – Lactic Acid Production, Vinegar
Production, Biogas Production
(II) Industrial use Molds – Penicillin Production
(III) Industrial use of yeast – Alcohol production
(IV) Vaccine Production
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER III
PAPER - II
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF
RESOURECES
1. Resources : Definition, concept and classification, Renewable and non
renewable resources, Major resources- Water, Land, Soil, Forest,
Wild life and Fisheries
2. Identification and description of various threats to different ecosystem
with particular reference to Fresh water , Forest, Grassland, Estuary,
and Wetlands
3. Ecological principles governing the use of natural resources
population- resource relationship
4. Principles of Environmental conservation and management,
Ecological accounting, Biological control of Geo-chemical
environment.
5. Conservation and management of natural resources :
(a) Wild life : In-situ and Ex-situ conservation (National parks
and Sanctuaries)
(b)
Energy conservation
(c) Biological diversity – Biosphere reserve
(d) Biological control and integrated pest management
(e) Aquaculture
6. Environmental Administration: Role of government and nongovernment organization, Environmental Education and awareness
7. Sustainable Development : Environment and Development, History,
Evolution and Concept of Sustainability, Dimension of sustainable
development, Framework for achieving sustainability and Assessment
of sustainable development
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER III
PAPER - III
POLUTION CONTROL, WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
BIOREMEDIATION
1. Air Pollution management and control technology-air pollution
sampling and measurement, air pollution control methods and
equipments, control of specific gaseous pollutants.
2. Water pollution management and control technology waste water
sampling and analysis, waste water treatment, primary, secondary and
advanced waste water treatment
3. Marine pollution management and control technology sampling and
measurement of marine pollution, control of marine pollution
4. Land pollution management –methods of collection, sampling,
Disposal, Concept of 5 “R”.
5. Municipal waste management, Hazardous waste management, waste
recycling, biogas production from waste, Characterization of hospital
wastes and their management
6. Concept and types of bioremediation, Bioaugmentation,
bioremediation of sludge, biodegradation of toxic substances by
microbes, Phytoremediation of air and water pollution,
Phytoextraction and Biofilteration techniques for waste management
7. Technologies to minimize and combat climate change, Clean
Development Mechanisms and carbon credits and carbon trading,
conventions on climate change
8. Disaster Management
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER III
PAPER - IV
ENVIRONMETNAL LAWS AND POLICIES
1. Environmental Protection issues and problems. International and
national efforts for environmental protection, Environmental and
constitution
2. Environmental policy resolution, Legislation. The Water (Prevention
and control of pollution) act 1974 as amended up to 1988 and Rules
1975. The Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act 1981 as
amended by 1987 and rules 1982. Motor Vehicle Act 1988
3. The Environmental Protection Act 1986 and Rules 1986. Hazardous
waste management and handling rules 1989 amendments thereof
2000, Disaster Management Act 2005.
4. Hospital waste management and Handling rules 1998. solid waste
management Rules 1999, Public liability Insurance Act 1991 and
Rules 1991
5. Wildlife protection Act 1972, Amended 1991, Forest conservation Act
1980, Indian forest Act (revised) 1982
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER IV
PAPER - I
ECOTOXICOLOGY
1. Principles and mechanisms of toxicity, Basic Problems of toxicology,
factors affecting concentration of Toxicants in environment, Toxicity
test, Dose-effect and dose response
2. General aspects of fate and effects: Media and compartments, Entry
pathways, Environmental Fate, Sinks, Surface water compartment,
Soil compartment, Bioavailability. Effects, uptake, types of effects;
Acute and chronic
3. Cellular response profile to chemical stress: Interaction with
membrane process, Intracellular fate of chemicals, Intracellular
receptors, reaction with nuclear structures and functions, Protective
molecules and processes, Cell injury and death
4. Biotransformation,
Bioaccumulation,
Biomagnifications,
Ecotoxicology of pesticides and herbicides, Toxicity of hydrocarbons.
5. Toxicity of heavy metals: Pb, Hg, Cd, AS, CO and Ni. Carcinogens
and Carcinogenesis and Mutagens, Immunotoxic agents,
6. Risk and Hazardous, chemical hazardous and Toxicology, Risk
analysis, Risk management. Environmental toxicants and human
health-role of FAO, WHO and EPA; impact assessment
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER IV
PAPER - II
FOREST ECOLOGY
1. Origin and evolution of forests, forest types
(a) Natural forest and (b) Manmade forest (Plantations)
2. Forest as an ecosystem : Structural attributes :
Composition of different forest, phytosociological attributes; density
and dominance relations of different forest communities. Forest
stratification and canopy structure, microclimate
3. Functional Attributes :
(a) Energy flow : process, importance of food chains, trophic
structure, productivity of different forests
(b) Material cycling : Important nutrients in the ecosystem,
nutrient cycling in temperate and tropical forest, litter
production and dynamics
4. Forest Ground floor ecology
Ecology of seed placement and germination in forests, seedlings
growth, seedling establishment, strategies, characteristics of soils of
different forest
5. Silviculture aspects : Science of silviculture, silviculture practices and
management of Indian forests with special reference to environmental
requirements
6. Forest wild life: Important wildlife of India
6. Man-forest Interactions : Important tribes in relations to forest; their
subsistence and survival
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER IV
PAPER - III
ENVIRONMETNAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Gene morphology and structure, concept of genetic engineering, DNA
technology, application of biotechnology in environmental
management
2. Pollution control using engineered microorganisms, biotechnological
conversion of water into useful substances, Biomass and Biofuel,
Bio-filters for air pollution control and Biosensors
3. Application of Biotechnology in the field of Agriculture – BT cotton,
BT Brinjal. Disease free verities of plants and trees. Transgenic plants
4. Biodegradation of xenobiotics, hydrocarbons, oil pollution, pesticides
Vermiculture and vermin-composting, biopesticides, biofertilizers
5. Plant and animal cell, tissue and organ culture. Application of tissue
culture
M. Sc ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
SEMESTER IV
PAPER - III
ENVIRONMETNAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
1. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Origin and
Development, EIA Development in India. Frame work of EIA, EIA
guidelines 1994 and 2006
2. Requirement for Impact Assessment main steps of Impact Assessment
the pre study, the study period and the post study period activities
3. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment (I) Adhoc method, Check
lists, Matrix methods, Networks
4. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment (II) Evaluation systems,
modeling and computer aided Assessment
5. Prediction and Assessment of Impacts on air and water environment
6. Prediction and Assessment of impacts on energy, noise, socioeconomic
and biological components
7. Case Studies with particular reference to : Hydel Project
 Mining project
 Thermal Power plant
 Cement Industry
 Paper Industry
8. Public Participation in Environmental decision making, Future of EIA
9. Writing of Environmental Impact Statement, Environmental
Management Plan
10. Environmental Auditing, Coast and Benefit analysis, Life Cycle
Assessment