Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
History of anatomy wikipedia , lookup
Paleontology wikipedia , lookup
Sexual reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Precambrian body plans wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Living things in culture wikipedia , lookup
Developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to the world of Invertebrates Essential Functions for all organisms: • • • • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 5/4/2017 Respiration These Feeding/Digestive Systemlead to Response/Nervous System diversity in all living Circulatory System organisms Reproduction System Excretory System Movement • The Animal Kingdom is the most diverse kingdom in appearance. – Each phylum has its own typical body plan / arrangement. – We will examine the physiology and anatomy of all the Animal Kingdom phyla: Physiology is the study of the function of the organs Anatomy is the structure and location of the organs. 5/4/2017 FEEDING: -all animals are heterotrophic - must obtain their food from another source. Types of feeding: Herbivore: Eats only plants Carnivores: Eats only animals 5/4/2017 Omnivores: Eats both plants and animals. Filter Feeders: Do not move Must filter out food from water Detritovores: Eat dead and decaying plants and animals Parasites: Feed off another organism (host) and harms the host. 5/4/2017 Types of Digestive Systems: Simplest: Two way digestive system Enters and exits out the same opening. 5/4/2017 More complex system: One way digestive system Enters and exits out different openings. 5/4/2017 Respiratory System: All animals must: -take in oxygen -give off carbon dioxide Small and aquatic (water) animals must: -respire through moist skin -called cutaneous respiration -rely on the process of diffusion Larger animals: -have various forms of complex modes of respiration 5/4/2017 Circulatory System: Used to transport items throughout the body. -oxygen -carbon dioxide -food molecules Small aquatic organisms simply transport items from water into their body by diffusion. 5/4/2017 Two types of circulatory systems: Open Circulatory Systems -Blood is only partially contained within a system of blood vessels. -One or more hearts or heartlike organs pump blood through vessels into surrounding tissues. 5/4/2017 Closed Circulatory Systems -A heart or heart like organ forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body. -Closed circulatory systems are characteristic of larger, more active animals. 5/4/2017 Excretory System: To rid the body of toxic, nitrogenous cellular waste -main nitrogenous waste is ammonia -ammonia must be eliminated OR -convert ammonia into a less toxic substance that can then be removed. 5/4/2017 Response : Receptors used for detecting touch, sound and light. -utilizes the nervous system Some organisms have netlike arrangement of nerve nets which consist of individual nerve cells 5/4/2017 Cephalization: -concentration of sense organs and nerve cells in the front of the body forming a “head region”. 5/4/2017 Movement: -some animals are sessile - nonmoving -most are mobile -uses a set of muscles to coordinate the motion. -muscles must be attached to the skeletal system. 5/4/2017 Types of skeletal systems: Exoskeletons -An external skeleton - is a hard body covering - made up of chitin. 5/4/2017 Endoskeleton: -Is a structural support located inside the body. 5/4/2017 Reproduction: -Most animals reproduce sexually -requires what two things? -sperm -egg 5/4/2017 Two types of sexual reproduction: 1. Internal Fertilization: 5/4/2017 2. External Fertilization: FISH 5/4/2017 Frogs 5/4/2017 Hydra and Planarians: Some simpler animals may reproduce asexually -one organism divides into 2 new identical organisms. 5/4/2017 Hermaphrodites: Some organisms are hermaphrodites. -one organism has both male and female organs and sex cells. 5/4/2017 Trends in animal evolution: • Cell specialization: – cells, tissues, organs, organ systems • Early development: – Zygote • Fertilized egg – Blastula • A hollow ball of cells – Blastopore • The blastula folds in creating this opening – Protostome • Mouth is formed from blastopore – Deuterosome • Anus is formed from blastopore – Anus • Opening for solid waste to exit from digestive system 5/4/2017 • Cells of most animal embryos differentiates into three layers called germ layers. • Ectoderm: – Outermost layer – Develops into sense organs, nerves, outer skin layer • Mesoderm: – Middle layer – Develops into muscles, circulatory system, reproductive system and excretory system • Endoderm: – Innermost layer – Develops into digestive and respiratory systems. 5/4/2017 5/4/2017 • Cephalization: – An anterior concentration of sense organs • To have a head region • The more complex the animals become the more pronounced their cephalization. 5/4/2017 • Segmentation: – “Advanced animals have body segments, and specialization of tissues. 5/4/2017