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Cold War
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Origins of the Cold War
Origins of the Cold War
Although relations with the Soviet Union were already strained, Roosevelt’s
death and the beginning of Truman’s presidency brought new tensions to the
relationship. Russia’s traditional paranoia led to the establishment of a
communist satellite buffer zone around the USSR. The spread of communism
into Asian and South American countries exacerbated anticommunist feelings
in the United States and contributed to the pressure for increased buildup of
defensive forces.
Yalta Conference: Conference of Russia, Great Britain and US in Feb.1945
with leaders FDR, Stalin and Churchill in Crimea. The result was statement of
Soviet intent on entering the Pacific War two to three months after the end of
the European war, Churchill and FDR promise for Soviet concessions in
Manchurian and return of lost territories. Stalin recognized Chiang as China's
ruler, agreed to drop demands for reparations from Germany, approved plans
for a UN Conference and promised free elections in Poland.
Potsdam Conference: Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Potsdam
Germany from July 16-Aug. 2 to decide on postwar arrangements begun at
Yalta. A Council of Foreign Ministers was established to draft treaties
concerning conquered European nations, and to make provisions for the trials
of war criminals. The Soviet Union agreed to drop demands for reparations
and Germany was decentralized into British, Russian, French and US zones.
partitioning of Korea, Vietnam, Germany: As decided by the Potsdam by
the Council of Foreign minister, Germany, Vietnam and Korea were divided
into zones to be held by US, France, Britain and the Soviet Union and then
reorganized through self-determination.
de Gaulle, Charles: The French President during WWII, he was also active in
several treaty conferences.
Churchill, Winston, "Iron Curtain" speech: Asked for Anglo-American
cooperation to combat an "Iron Curtain" that cut across Europe from the Baltic
to Adriatic. The iron curtain was the satellites and territories held by the
communist Soviet Union. An early theory for Soviet containment.
Stalin: Ruler of Russia from 1929-1953. In 1935 Stalin endorsed a "Popular
Front" to oppose fascism. Stalin also had considerable influence in the Yalta
agreement as well as being a leader of one of the world's superpowers. After
WWII, the primary focus of Amer. was to curb Stalin's and communist
influence.
Bretton Woods Conference: Meeting of Allied governments in 1944. From
the Bretton Woods Agreement, foreign currencies would be valued in relation
to the dollar and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), General Agreement
of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Bank were created.
Dumbarton Oaks Conference: An international conference held AugustOctober 1944 at Dumbarton Oaks Washington D.C. to discuss plans for an
international organization to be named the United Nations. 39 delegates from
US, Great Britain and Russia gathered.
San Francisco Conference, 1945, and UN Charter: A meeting of world
nations to establish a international organization for collective security. The
conference established committees; General Assembly, Economic and Social
Council, the International Court of Justice, Trusteeship Council, and the
Secretariat.
UN: Security Council, General Assembly, Secretary-General: January 10,
1946 was the first UN General Assembly, electing Trygve H. Lie of Norway as
Secretary General. The UN represented a worldwide attempt for a peaceful
world after the hidden treaties and chaos caused by WWII.
Atomic Energy Commission: To oversee the control and development of
nuclear weapons. The "Barouch Plan" set up the International Atomic
Development whose goal was for use of peaceful potentials for atomic energy
and to provide nations with security against surprise attacks.
superpowers: The world powers after WWII created a new balance of power.
These superpowers consisting of the United States, the Soviet Union, and
Great Britain began proceedings such as the Yalta and Potsdam.
Conferences represented the superpowers and their importance in postwar
reconstruction.
socialism, communism: Two forms of governing, socialism and communism
became fearful subjects after WWII as fears of war led to hatred against
socialist and communist American troops. Fear and hatred against
communism and Socialism continued throughout the Cold War.
satellites: The countries surrounding the Soviet Union created a buffer zone
between Russia and the rest of Europe. These "satellites" were nations
conquered by the Soviet Union during the counteroffensive attack of the
Russians against the Germans during WWII.
Nuremberg trials: Thirteen trials held accusing leaders of Nazi Germany of
crimes against international law from 1945-1949. Accusations included
murder, enslavement, looting and atrocities against soldiers and citizens of
occupied countries.
Department of Defense created: The Department of Defense was created in
1947 by the National Security Act. Reforming the Departments of War and
Navy they became the Departments of Army, Navy and the new Department
of the Air Force. Result of need for a consolidated department.
Voice of America, CARE: A part of the US Information Agency, Voice of
America was a US government radio station sent to Eastern Europe nations.
Yugoslavia, Tito, Marshall: Marshall Tito is the name used by Josip Bronz
since 1934. Tito was the communist dictator of Yugoslavia until proclaiming
himself president in January 1953. Through his rule he kept Yugoslavia
independent of Soviet control and was recognized as the only lawful authority
in Yugoslavia.
Czechoslovakian coup: On February 25, 1948, a communist coup led by
Klement Gottwald took control of the Czechoslovakian government after the
October 5 announcement of Moscow's plan to block the Marshall Plan in
Europe. Czechoslovakia became a communist satellite of the Soviet Union.
Containment, Kennan, George F.: An advocate for tough foreign policy
against the Soviets, Kennan was the American charge d'affaires in Moscow
through WWII. He was also the anonymous Mr. X who wrote "The Sources of
Soviet Conduct" in the magazine Foreign Affairs advising a policy of restricting
Soviet expansion to protect western institutions. The theory of containment
was accepted by the U.S. government and seen through the domino theory
and US actions in Vietnam and Korea.
Truman Doctrine: From Truman’s address to Congress on March 12, 1947,
the president announced that the United States would assist free people
resisting "armed minorities or...outside pressure." Meant as a offer for aid
against communism the Truman Doctrine established the United States as a
global policeman, a title proved by US actions in the UN, Vietnam, Korea and
Egypt. The Truman Doctrine became a major portion of Cold War ideology, a
feeling of personal responsibility for the containment of communism.
Marshall Plan: Truman's secretary of state George C. Marshall proposed
massive economic aid to Greece and Turkey on Feb. 27, 1947 after the British
told the US they could not afford to continue assistance to the governments of
Greece and Turkey against Soviet pressure for access to the Mediterranean.
The Marshall Plan was expanded to mass economic aid to the nations of
Europe for recovery from WWII. Aid was rejected by communist nations. The
Marshall Plan also hope to minimize suffering to be exploited by communist
nations.
Point Four: A post-WWII foreign aid treaty devised from the fourth point of
President Truman's inaugural address in 1950. Plan would make provisions to
supply US investment capital and personnel to agricultural and industrial
development as well as development in other national interests.
Gandhi: Spiritual and political leader of India. 1920 led nonviolent
disobedience movement for independence for India. During 1924 led another
civil disobedience movement for India's freedom in exchange for India's help
against Japan Assassinated.
Israel created, 1948: From the UN General Assembly on April 28, 1947, the
Palestine partition of Arab and Jewish states. On May 14, 1948 Israel
proclaimed independence and US recognized the new state but the Arabs
rejected the proclamation and declared war against Israel. Admitted in U.N in
1949.
Berlin Blockade: On March 20, 1948 the Soviet withdrew representation from
the Allied Control Council and refused to allow US, British, and France to gain
access to Berlin. June 24, the Western Powers began Berlin Airlift to supply
residents of Berlin. After 321 days in 1949 Russia agreed to end blockade if
the Council of Foreign Ministers would agree to discuss Berlin. The airlift
provided food and supplies to the blockaded people and intensified
antagonism against Stalin.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Following the Vanderberg
Resolutions on April 4, on October 1948, Denmark, Italy, Norway, and
Portland joined the Canadian-US negotiations for mutual defense and mutual
aid. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington on April 4, 1949
creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The organization considered
an attack against one member of the alliance, an attack on all.
Warsaw Pact: Treaty unifying communist nations of Europe signed May 1955
by: Russia, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia. East Germany. Hungary,
Poland, and Romania after the signing of the NATO treaty in 1949.
Communist China dedicated support but did not sign the treaty.
Southeast Asia Treaty organization (SEATO), Central Treaty
Organization (CENTO) and the Australia, New Zealand US (ANZUS): All
these treaties were formed post WWII as mutual defense pledges in an
attempt to halt the spread of communism through Europe and Asia.
NSC-68: In the 1950's President Truman called for a top secret investigation
from the CIA to review national defense policy. The NSA-68 called for a
massive military buildup and increase in defense spending through raising of
taxes in fear of Soviet aggressive intentions and military strength. The NSC68 became of major importance throughout the Cold War as it spoke of the
need to remain a step ahead of the Soviet Union to protect its own security.
fall of China, Tse-tung, Mao, "lost China": Mao Tse-tung, head of the
Chinese Communists demanded US halt military aid and for US forces to
leave China in January 1945. In 1949, the communists controlled major cities
and to avoid a full scale war with China, and the U.S. complied with
Communist demands.
State Department "White Paper," 1949: The United States Relations With
China; With Special Reference to the Period 1944-1946 warned that the
Nationalists were on the verge of collapse because of political, military, and
economic deficiencies, and US interference would lead to outbreak of war.
Chiang Kai-shek, Formosa: Chiang Kai-shek was the Nationalist leader in
China whom the United States supported during the Chinese civil wars. After
losing major cities, the Nationalist government moved their headquarters to
the city of Formosa. Chiang Kai-shek was opposed by the communist leader
Mao Tse-tung who opposed US involvement in the war.
Quemoy, Matsu: On September 3, the Communist army attacked the
Nationalist held islands of Quemoy and Matsu. These attacks led to the
Formosa Revolution which Eisenhower issued, giving the president power to
defend Formosa without committing to defense of islands.
Korean War, limited war: After Japan's defeat in 1945, Korea was divided at
the 38th parallel between Soviet troops to the north and the People's
Democratic Republic and US troops to the south. June 24, 1950 North Korean
troops attacked the Republic of Korea, provoking war. US gained UN approval
to stop the considered communist domino. The "limited" war was to hold the
38th parallel without beginning WWIII. A cease fire was installed on July 26,
1953.
Truman-MacArthur controversy: During WWII, MacArthur was general in
the Pacific Wars. At the beginning of the Korean War, he became the United
Nations Commander in Korea. He was recalled from duty after expressing
unpopular opinions about the US policy in Korea.
Subject:
US History [1]
Global Insecurities at War’s End
- WWII created an international interdependence - one country’s actions affected others
- Opposing national interests made a continuing Soviet-US alliance impossible
“The American Century”
- Many economists feared an economic downturn similar to the one following WWI
- 1944 - Reps from 44 Allied countries met to create the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to help
rebuild Europe
- As US was main contributor to both agencies, they could control the world economy
- When the Soviet Union refused to join the World Bank or the IMF, it isolated itself
The United Nations and Hopes for Collective Security
- US wanted to join the UN, because they did not join the League of Nations (mistake)
- Designed to promote collective security
- Eleanor Roosevelt - one of the first US delegates to the UN
- Nuremburg Trials - Nazi leaders tried for their war crimes and atrocities
- Nuremburg Principle - no human should follow orders that conflict with human rights
- Could not be enforced
The Division of Europe
- Atlantic Charter (1941) - made Allies renounce new territories claimed by war
- Violated by Allied leaders before the war had even ended (spheres of influence)
- Western powers wanted to rebuild Germany as a trade partner, Soviets didn’t
- West Germany became capitalist; much like the US - E. Germany was like Sov. Union
- Fulton, Missouri - 1946 - Churchill states that “an iron curtain has fallen across Europe”
The Policy of Containment
- Many feel that FDR would have been able to help in US-Soviet relations
- Truman lacked FDR’s diplomacy and desire for peace
- Under Truman, Containment became the key facet of US foreign policy
- Remained this way for several decades
The Truman Doctrine
- 1947 - Mediterranean crisis - Truman decides to take over area before Soviets can
- Convinces US that personal freedoms rely on the containment of communism
- Became known as the Truman doctrine
The Marshall Plan
- Common name for the European Recovery Program
- Began a series of US attempts to use economic policy to contain communism
- Began in 1947 by chief of staff George C. Marshall
- Under this plan, most of the nations of Western Europe became capitalist and open to trading with US markets
- Stalin denounced the plan as an attempt to make West Germany into an anti-Soviet bloc
- Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan worked hand-in-hand
The Berlin Crisis and the Formation of NATO
- When Stalin saw the allies uniting their sectors of West Germany, he blockaded West Berlin, which although
controlled by the allies, was located deep in East Germany
- Allies began Operation Vittles, airlifted 2,000,000 tons of supplies to the West Berliners
- May 1949 - Soviets lifted blockade
- NATO was formed to strengthen economic ties between allies and to keep Soviets out
- Huge step away from isolationism
- Soviets and their allies form the Warsaw Pact in May 1955 - essentially an anti-NATO
- Completed the division of the East and the West
The Cold War in Asia
- In exchange for economic help, US was allowed to keep military supplies in Japan
- Let the US keep a close eye on the Soviets
- US gave lots of money to leaders they supported, allowing them to crush rebellions, etc
- MacArthur saw the US as “a bulwark of Christianity in the Far East”
- US supported Chiang Kai-Shek, who ignored advice to step aside and fought commies
- Mao destroyed the nationalists, and China “fell” to Communists
- Republicans were enraged at Truman for “losing” China
Atomic Diplomacy
- After the bombs had been used, they could no longer remain a secret from the world
- 1946 - Atomic Energy Act - Gave Atomic Energy Commission control over production
- 1950 - The US’s atomic arsenal could reproduce far more than WWII in a single day
- 1949 - Soviets tested their first atomic bomb
- New hydrogen bombs were more than 1000x more powerful than the ones in WWII
The Truman Presidency
- Truman saw the conflict with the Soviets as a need for a strong president
- Truman tried to make himself as a strong president while remaining loyal to Roosevelt
“To Err is Truman”
- Within a year of assuming office, Truman’s popularity was lower than any presidents except Hoover, who was
blamed for the Depression
- Truman refused to let many military people return home after WWII
- He relented after there was a huge public outcry
- Post-war demand for supplies created rampant inflation - prices rose
- This let to boycotts of stores and strikes
- Truman wanted to induct striking workers into the army - Congress defeated this plan
- 1946 - Truman’s popularity drops to 32%
- In the wake of anti-Democrat sentiment, Republicans pushed to turn back the New Deal
- Republicans also set a limit of two terms in office for a president
- Even Democrats began to suggest that Truman resign
The 1948 Election
- Americans for Democratic Action - Liberal group formed by Eleanor Roosevelt and others; became an important
liberal lobbying group supporting the Democrats
- Truman fired most of the popular people who worked under FDR
- The deepening Cold War made people more supportive of Truman, due to his sternness
- Americans wanted someone who would stand up to the Russians
- Truman’s actions in desegregating the military lost him many Southern votes
- In the end, Truman won because of people who supported FDR’s ideas
The Fair Deal
- Truman said that everyone had the right to a “fair deal” from the government
- As the Cold War took increasing priority, Truman lost interest in liberal policies
- By the end of Truman’s second term, defense costs made up 10% of the GNP
- This was made possible by intense anti-commie campaigning at home
The Cold War at Home
- 1946 - Attn. Gen. Tom C. Clark announced that the US was part of a commie plot
- 1950 - Sen. McCarthy claimed to have a list of communists serving in government
- These fears led the nation’s leaders to become obsessed with national security
The National Security State
- More and more resources were poured into national defense
- Central Intelligence Agency - formerly the Office of Strategic Services - spy network
- Estimates are that budget and employees were more than State Departt
- 1947 - Federal Employees Loyalty and Security Program
- Banned communists, fascists, and gays from federal employment
- Employees could be fired for belief that they were disloyal
- Clark published a list of potentially subversive organizations
- Effectively outlawed these groups, even if they had done nothing wrong
- Many catered to the interests of minorities
- Internal Security Act - severely limited freedoms of speech and press
- Made Comm. organizations register with Subversive Activities Control Board
- Banned people deemed “subversive” or “homosexual” from visiting the US
The Red Scare in Hollywood
- Fears arose that there was a communist plot centered on Hollywood
- House Un-American Activities Committee - investigated the entertainment industry
- Many people were interrogated and asked to give info regarding potential threats
- “Unfriendly Witnesses” - people who would not cooperate with investigators
- Many anti-communist films were released, however, few became popular
Spy Cases
- Whittaker Chamers - editor of Time magazine, former columnist
- Confessed to spying for the Soviet Union in the 1930s
- Named Alger Hiss (former Roosevelt aide) as an accomplice
- Many Democrats dismissed the allegations as a Republican ploy to make them look bad
- Julius and Ethel Rosenberg - accused of stealing and trying to convey atomic secrets
- 1951 - found guilty of espionage; 1953 - died in the electric chair
- Many world figures pleaded for their release (Einstein, pope, etc)
McCarthyism
- 1950 - Joseph R. McCarthy declared that there was a conspiracy against the US
- Accused more than 200 State Dept employees of being communists
- McCarthy had no names of communists and no one in the State Dept was convicted
- McCarthy was against New Deal Democrats and silenced all critics of the Cold War
- Encouraged “patriots” to prepare themselves for atomic war
- McCarthyism targeted minority groups such as blacks, Jews, and gays, not the elite
- Huge anxieties arose about “abnormalities” such as homosexuality, and “perversions”
- McCarthy used smear tactics to win support in his elections
- When McCarthy failed to produce any substantial evidence, he appeared deranged
- Even in the wake of McCarthyism, any dissent was now dangerous
Age of Anxiety
- After WWII, Americans had a lot of the world’s wealth; many were middle-class
- WWIII seemed imminent, fears fueled by politicians such as Truman & McCarthy
- Fallout shelters - Many families built bunkers attached to their homes in case of war
The Two-Income Family
- Because of all the anxieties of the times, Americans focused on their own lives more
- People began to be more thankful of what they had and not to take it for granted
- Baby boom
- Many couples got married
- New appliances became very popular - T.V.s, automatic washers, cameras, etc
- Baby boom + high rate of consumer spending = many families with a working mother
- Some people tried to stop women working because Soviet women were known workers
- Dr. Spock - Published a parenting book which told parents to essentially spoil their kids
- After the war, women lost their high wages and prominence in colleges
Religion and Education
- Billy Graham - first “televangelist” - led revivals of Christianity
- Elementary school teachers re-worked the curriculum to promote US, boo Soviets
- Kids were taught to value the virtues of capitalism - private property, etc
The Cultural Noir
- New movies dealt with the current worries felt, and the emotions of returning from war
- Called “noir” films because of their somber mood
- Many were banned from Hollywood
- Many UFO sightings and new movies about commie subversion emphasized fears
End of the Democratic Era
- Truman’s career was killed by the Korean War
- He took a tough line with the Cold War, but the Korean War was not easily winnable
The Korean War
- June 1950 - N. Korea attacked S. Korea
- Truman had to live up to his talk about being “tough on communists”
- Truman got approval from the Security Council to send in troops under MacArthur
- Although the UN quickly regained South Korea, Truman wanted to take all of it
- MacArthur miscalculated the Chinese potential to aid the N. Koreans
- White House debated using the atomic bomb
- MacArthur pressed for a war against China
- 1951 - Truman dumped him for insubordination
The Legacy of “The Sour Little War”
- Truman’s actions in the Korean War bypassed Congress and were widely criticized
- Truman justified this using NSC-68, a bill devoted to repelling communists
- The Korean War set up the US and China as enemies for the next twenty years
- Many Americans became disillusioned after the stalemate in Korea
Truman’s Downfall
- Polls indicated Americans were frustrated with Truman’s handling of the war
- After Truman dismissed MacArthur, many people sought his impeachment
- A short-lived “MacArthur for President” campaign followed his dismissal
- Truman announced in 1952 that he would not run for reelection
- When Eisenhower refused the Democratic nomination, they asked Adlai E. Stevenson
- “Ike” Eisenhower decided to run for the Republicans
- Eisenhower told voters that he wanted peace, and wouldn’t get into another war
- Richard Nixon used television to his and Eisenhower’s advantage during the campaign
- Appealed to voter’s emotions and spread their message widely
- The Republican victory was more a sign of Eisenhower’s popularity than anything else
1. The Marshall Plan was implemented to help
(A) Czechoslovakia fight Russia
(B) rebuild European nations
(C)spread democracy
(D)expand Communism
2.Great Britain, France, and the U.S. wanted Germany
reunified to
(A) show all was forgiven
(B) relieve food shortages
(C)help stabilize Europe
(D)give support to Russia
3.For Korea, the aftermath of WWII most closely paralleled
(A) Japan
(B) the U. S.
(C)Hungary
(D)Germany
4.Someone accused of McCarthyism would be likely to
engage in
(A) biased accusations
(B) traitorous deals
(C)illegal wiretapping
(D)sound prosecutions
5.All these occurred in the U.S. during the Cold War
EXCEPT
(A) build-up of military arms
(B) interrogations of citizens
(C)protection of free speech
(D)fear of nuclear war
Across
3.
Chinese Nationalist leader, ______ Kai-Shek
6.
Communist leader of Soviet Union
8.
System in which private citizens control property and economic activity
10.
War without direct military conflict
11.
The "______ Curtain;" border between communist and non-communist nations
13.
First unmanned satellite launched into orbit
15.
"The buck stops here" president
18.
Location of allied airlift in Germany
20.
Friendly and cooperative countries during wartime
21.
Asian country divided in two after World War II
22.
Pact between Soviet Union and Eastern European satellite nations
Down
1.
Bomb created by splitting atoms, dropped on Japan
2.
Method of preventing "communists" from working
4.
Nation created in 1948 by partitioning Palestine
5.
European country divided after World War II
7.
Central Intelligence Agency (abbr)
9.
U.S. economic aid to European nations after WWII (two words)
12.
Couple executed as communist spies
14.
Fear of this kind of war reached hysteria in the 1950s
16.
American actor and singer branded a communist; Paul _____
17.
Chinese Communist leader, ______ Zedong
19.
Defensive military alliance meant to combat Soviet aggression (abbr)
U.S. Actions
Soviet Actions
Chapter 27
1. A cause of frequent labor strikes after WWII was
(A) rising prices and rising wages
(B) rising prices and lower wages
(C) lower prices and lower wages
(D) lower prices and rising wages
2. These were successes of Truman's Fair Deal EXCEPT
(A) low-income housing
(B) minimum wage increase
(C) expansion of social security
(D) nationwide health insurance
3. Companies hiring 'Organization Men' wanted
(A) conformity, teamwork, allegiance
(B) individuality, creativity, leadership
(C) aggressiveness, motivation, thriftiness
(D) devotion, humility, selflessness
4. The health of suburban communities depended on
(A) friendly neighbors
(B) stable marriages
(C) recreational facilities
(D) transportation systems
5. Many minorities battled discrimination by
(A) getting an education
(B) opening businesses
(C) relocating their families
(D) organizing advocacy groups
Across
1.
Dr. Jonas Salk's effective vaccine
2.
Nationwide highway network
6.
Regulator of broadcast communications
(abbr)
9.
Opposite of segregation
11.
Unprecedented population explosion
(two words)
12.
Large corporation together with smaller
companies
13.
Bill designed to help veterans "readjust"
(two words)
14.
Entertainment and information mass
media marvel
Down
1.
up
An abundance of this led millions to gas
3.
Electronic rhythm and traditional blues
music (three words)
4.
Plan for better city, low-income housing
(two words)
5.
Movement that expressed creative
nonconformity
7.
"The Buck Stops Here" president (two
words)
8.
McDonald's illustrates this form of
business expansion
10.
Campaign slogan for candidate
Eisenhower (three words)