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THE COLD WAR BEGINS
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: Why did the United States and Soviet
Union enter into the Cold War?
TEKS AND OBJECTIVES
We will…
I will…
(8A) describe U.S. response to
Soviet aggression after WWII
• Analyze an excerpt from the
(8C) explain reasons and outcomes
for U.S. involvement in the Korean
War and its relationship to the
containment policy
• Analyze a secondary source about
Truman Doctrine
the effects of the Truman Doctrine
THE ROOTS OF THE COLD WAR
• United States
– Wanted to spread system of
democracy and free
enterprise
• Soviet Union
– Wanted other countries to
adopt Communism
• Why a “cold” war?
– Threat of nuclear war
– Two Superpowers never fight
directly
Category
Political
System
Soviet Communism
One political party, the Communist
Party
American Democracy
multi-party democracy
Organizations All labor groups and other
Unions and other organizations
associations run by the Communist openly negotiate with employers
Party
Economic
System
Industries and farms are owned by
the state; central planners
determine the nation’s economic
needs; limited private property;
education and health care provided
by the state
Free enterprise system; private
ownership of property; supply and
demand determine prices; people
meet their own needs with some
limited government
Religion
Religion is discouraged
Free exercise of religion
Individual
Rights
Secret police arrest opponents;
censorship; no free exercise of
beliefs
Freedom of the press and
expression
THE YALTA AND POTSDAM CONFERENCE
Yalta (February 1945)
• Who?
– Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin (The Big
Three)
• Outcome?
– Plan for post-war Europe
– Agreed to form United Nations
– Free elections in liberated countries and
Poland
• Germany?
– divided into four occupation zones
– Berlin also divided
THE YALTA AND POTSDAM CONFERENCE
Potsdam (July 1945)
• Who?
– Truman, Attlee, and Stalin
• What changed?
– Germany had surrendered
– U.S. secretly tested atomic
bomb during conference
– Stalin’s growing distrust of
the West
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
• Soviet Union
– Troops occupied Eastern Europe and
placed local Communists in power
– No free elections in Poland
• United States
– Refused to share secrets behind
atomic bomb
• Iron Curtain
– Divided Communist East from
Democratic West
– Limited travel/communication for 40
years
ORIGINS OF U.S. CONTAINMENT POLICY
• Containment
– Stop Communism from
spreading to other countries
• Truman Doctrine
– Greece and Turkey
threatened with Communist
takeover
– Truman vowed to support
any country fighting
Communism
IN THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE, PRESIDENT TRUMAN
PROMISED TO SUPPORT ANY COUNTRY FIGHTING
COMMUNISM:
“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support
free peoples who are resisting attempted [conquest] by armed
minorities or by outside pressures. I believe we must assist free
peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe
our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid,
which is essential to economic stability and orderly political
processes.”
Do you think the United States should have offered aid to all
nations facing such threats? Explain.
A HISTORIAN, STEPHEN AMBROSE, ONCE WROTE:
“Truman realized that he could never get the economy-minded
Republicans—and the public that stood behind them—to shell out
tax dollars to support a rather shabby King in Greece. Truman had
to describe the Greek situation in universal terms, good versus evil,
to get their support. In a single sentence, Truman defined American
policy for the next twenty years. Whenever and wherever an antiCommunist government was threatened by insurgents, foreign
invasion, or even diplomatic pressure, the United States would
supply political, economic, and most of all military aid.”
What is Ambrose’s view of the Truman Doctrine?
THE MARSHALL PLAN (1948)
• Post-War Europe
– Faced with famine
– Cities reduced to rubble
– Desperate people attracted to
Communism
• George C. Marshall
– Secretary of State
– Proposed massive aid for European
countries to rebuild their economies
• Success of the Marshall Plan
– Speeded recovery of Western Europe
– Created allies and trading partners for
U.S.
GERMANY
• West Germany (1948)
– Merger of the 4 zones (French, British,
and American)
– Berlin in the Soviet Zone
• Berlin Blockade
– Soviet Union announced blockade of
West Berlin
– All highways and railroads to the West
closed
• Berlin Airlift
– Fed and supplied West Berlin for almost
a year
– Stalin erected Berlin Wall
NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT
• North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (1949)
– Collective security (members
pledged to defend each other)
• Warsaw Pact (1955)
– Response to NATO
– Soviet Union and Eastern
European satellites
CONTAINMENT IN ASIA
• China
– Communist revolutionary Mao Zedong
overthrew Nationalist government
– Helped by Soviets
– Created world’s largest Communist state
• Truman on China
– Refused to recognize Communist
government
– Used veto power in the UN to prevent
“Red China’s” admission to UN
– Pledged to protect Nationalists in
Taiwan
THE KOREAN WAR (1950-1953)
• Korea
– Former Japanese colony
– Divided into two zones after
WWII
• South Korea
– Elected government
• North Korea
– Communist government
– North Korea invaded South
Korea
THE KOREAN WAR (1950-1953)
• UN Intervention
– U.S. passed resolution to send UN
Troops (mostly American) to South
Korea
• Truman-MacArthur Controversy
– MacArthur successfully pushed
North Koreans to the Chinese border
– China entered the war
– MacArthur wanted to use atomic
weapons; Truman disagreed
– MacArthur criticized Truman;
Truman relieved him from his
command (“You’re Fired!”)
THE WAR COMES TO AN END
• Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)
– Elected President in 1952
– Pledged to end the war
• Armistice (1953)
– Agreed to “demilitarized zone”
between North and South
– Transfer of POWs
– Korea returned to its original
boundaries