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The Greeks Geography Mountainous, rocky soil, dry climate Coastal – several deep/navigable harbors Meant that 1. Greeks would never unite into one nation 2. Group of independent city-states (polis) 3. Economy based on trade by sea (maritime) rather than farming Athens vs. Sparta: A Tale of Two City-States Athens 1. coastal 2. colonized to increase food supply 3. emphasized knowledge, culture, art, & education 4. first to develop democracy Sparta 1. agricultural 2. conquered others & enslaved 3. emphasized strict discipline/military 4. monarchial form of govt. Greek Culture Religion Polytheistic/ Anthropomorphic Mt. Olympus (Zeus, Hera, Athena, etc) Mythology Architecture Classical (balanced, simple geometric forms, domes, arches, columns, elegance) Contributions Government – direct democracy Virtue of citizenship responsibilities Philosophy Love of Wisdom Big 3 – 1. Socrates (“Know Thyself”) 2. Plato (The Republic) – pol. Science 3. Aristotle (scientific method/ system of classification) Contributions Theatre Olympics First to present plays (tragedies/comedies) Used to socially instruct Games to honor Zeus Athletes as heroes to Greeks Language Prefixes (geo-, philo-, demo-, astro-, etc.) Suffixes (-cracy, -ology, -graphy, etc.) Ancient Greece The Romans Geography Mountainous (in areas) but very fertile valleys Coast is treacherous with few good harbors Meant that 1. Romans were farmers 2. Would eventually unite as one people Early Government Monarchy Republic Republic would last approx. 500 yrs. Conquerors of the Mediterranean United all Rome, then united whole Italian peninsula Conquered its neighbors Spain, Gaul (France), Britanny (England), Germany, Egypt, and Carthage (No. Africa) The Punic Wars – Rome vs. Carthage By 200 B.C., Rome is master of Med. Sea area From Republic to Empire Around 47BC Julius Caesar becomes emporer beginning the Roman Empire which would last another 500 years. Rome – The Empire First 5 Emperors – “Good Emperors” Empire greatly expanded its borders Government was efficient and just Benefits to all citizens 1. system of roads to connect empire together 2. unified system of law for all 3. sound economy (coinage of money, manufacturing, & agriculture) 4. Kept peace & order (Pax Romana) 5. Civic welfare (museums, libraries, educ.) Fall of Rome Government Instability Assassinations – no definite method of succession established Weak leadership – Emperors known for their insanity, immorality, and greediness Economic troubles Small independent farmers driven from their land – forced into the cities Became part of the “mob” – homeless/jobless Fall of Rome Economic Troubles Government develops welfare state to avoid revolt (“Bread & Circuses”) Lack of manufacturing due to high inflation Borders to hard to maintain – trade declines Outside Invasions Germanic tribes (in north) envied Rome’s wealth and advantages Began attacking on the frontiers/ sacked Rome – 476 AD Contributions Government – Republic Makes democracy possible for large pop. Rule of Law Twelve Tables – all laws written down to protect the rights of lower classes (Plebeians) Roman Senate worked to pass laws with Emperor Engineering – roads, aqueducts, concrete, domes, classical architecture Contributions Religion Adopted Greek deities at first, but renamed Later adopted Christianity as official religion of the Empire (approx. 300 AD) Conclusion The Western world (Europe/Americas) is built upon the ideas, knowledge, & practices of the Classical Civilizations of Greece & Rome. Ancient Rome