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ISLAM Location and Population • Over 1 billion Muslims living mostly in Southwest Asia and Northern Africa. The religion is Islam, people who practice it are Muslims. • The main ethnic group in SW Asia is Arab, and most Arabs are Muslim. • Most Muslims, however, are not Arab (only 25% of the world’s Muslim population); Indonesia has the largest Muslim population, then Pakistan and India. The Islamic World So, these are the countries with the highest % of Muslims But the majority of Muslims live in Asia (Indonesia,India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) Maps like this can be misleading, since they show the percentage of the population that is Muslim. For example, Saudi Arabia is almost 100% Muslim, so its Muslim population is about 24 million. India’s Islamic population is only about 14% of the country (not enough to even show up on the above map), but considering India’s population of over one billion, that means roughly 155 million Muslims live there). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Muslim_Population_Pew_Forum.png Think of it like a Venn diagram: Most Arabs are Muslim But most Muslims are not Arab Some Arabs are Christian, etc. Why study Islam with SW Asia? - because that is where it began and is most common Background •Muslims, like Jews and Christians, trace their history back to Abraham. Muslims believe that Jews are descendents of Abraham’s son Isaac, while Muslims are descendants of Ishmael. • Ishmael and his mother were sent into the desert, but God showed them a spring. Abraham built a temple there where he set a black stone called the Ka’aba. •This temple would later be part of the polytheistic worship of local Arabian tribes, and the city surrounding it, Mecca, became a major center of trade in Arabia. Abraham’s Genealogy HAGAR ABRAHAM Ishmael 12 Arabian Tribes SARAH Isaac Jacob 12 Tribes of Israel Esau Muhammad • Muhammad (570-632CE) is Heraa Cave where Gabriel regarded as the founder of came to the prophet. Islam, though he is seen as a prophet, not a divine person. • Muslims believe Muhammad received revelations from the angel Gabriel beginning in 610 CE • Muhammad was upset with the polytheistic worship of the Arabs, and saw the messages he received as a continuation of prophecy of monotheistic faiths such as Judaism and Christianity. Muhammad the Prophet • In Islam, Muhammad is considered the last of the prophets which include: Adam, Moses, Abraham, John the Baptist, and Jesus. Muhammad in Arabic • • When some Meccans did not believe he was a prophet, Muhammad and his followers fled from Mecca to Yathrib, later called Medina (“the City of the Prophet”) in 622CE. This migration, known as the Hijra, is seen as such a turning point in Islam that it marks the year 1 in the Islamic Calendar (622 CE = 1 AH) . • In Medina, Muhammad was accepted and ruled as a religious and secular leader. Eventually, he and his followers returned to Mecca and established it as the center of Islam by destroying the tribal gods contained at the Ka’aba. Scriptures • The holy book is the Koran, or Qur’an. It contains large portions of the Old and New Testaments. • Like most religious texts, the Qur’an has some ambiguity. To clarify some questions of faith, followers read the Hadith and look at examples from the life of Muhammad . (using former court cases) Beliefs • Muslims, like Jews and Christians are monotheistic. The Arabic word for God is Allah. Muslims believe that when Muslims, Christians and Jews speak of God, they are speaking of the same entity: the God of Abraham. • An infidel is one that does not believe in the same God, and they will not have the same rights in strict Islamic societies. • Jihad is usually translated as “holy war.” It actually means a struggle, for faith or against an enemy. Starting war is not supported in the Qur’an, and one translation of Islam is “peace.” 1. Profession of Faith Shahada • The basic beliefs of Islam are found in the FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH: • Profession of faith: There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad (founder) is his prophet. 2. Prayer – Salat or Salah • Five times a day: dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, before bed. • Must face Mecca, wash before prayer, and use a prayer rug. • Pray in the mosque on Friday, the holy day. 3. Zakat • Almsgiving, or Zakat, is a % donation of wealth given annually by all Muslims. • Charity is mandatory for those who can afford it. 4. Ramadan – The Sawm • 'He who fasts during Ramadan with faith and seeks his reward from Allah will have his past sins forgiven; he who prays during the night in Ramadan with faith and seeks his reward from Allah will have his past sins forgiven; • Fasting during the daylight hours during the 9th month of the Islamic calendar: Ramadan. • All adults who are physically able abstain from anything entering the body. 5. Hajj - Pilgrimage • All Muslim men, and women if they may be escorted, are obligated to make the pilgrimage to Mecca once in their lifetimes. • It is divided into 4 parts over 12 days, and the most well known element is the ceremonial circling of the Ka’aba stone. Practices • Practices vary depending on how fundamentalist or secular the state is. • For example, strict societies forbid the representation of humans or animal figures in Islamic art. In place of representation of humans/animals, Islamic art often contains beautiful calligraphy and geometric patterns Clean and Unclean - Halal • The code of conduct divides food into categories of clean and unclean. • Alcohol is forbidden (haram) in almost all divisions; drunkenness in others . • The dietary laws of Islam are quite similar to those of the Jews, and they forbid eating blood, pork, animals found dead, and food sacrificed or offered to idols. Some Muslims travel to farms to kill the animals themselves to insure it is done according to Halal. Women in Islam • The rights of women in Islam vary depending on the strictness of the govt. and culture. • For example, Turkey is a secular country – separation of mosque and state. Women here have extensive rights. Saudi Arabia is a strict theocracy/monarchy and women are limited – the veil and robe are mandatory, for example. Divisions of the Faith • Around 660 CE, the Muslim community was split along political lines over who should be the caliph, or successor to Muhammad. The first 3 caliphs were related to Muhammad and elected, but the line was broken. • One group wanted the closest relative – his son-in-law and cousin Ali. The other felt the caliph should be elected from the faithful. Sects • SUNNI – 80- 90% of Muslims - they wanted an elected caliph. • SHI’A - Followers of Ali who believed the caliph should be a direct descendent of Muhammad (Iran and Iraq) Problems Today • The city of Jerusalem is considered sacred to all three religions, and many Muslims are upset that it is currently under the control of the Israelis. Terrorism • Terrorism has been increasing among extremist groups, but moderate Muslims condemn these acts. • Groups such as Hamas and Al Qaeda commit acts against Israelis and western powers. In Israel, suicide bombers are common. • Debate between those who support such acts and those who condemn them are causing a split among Muslims. •Sectarian violence (Sunni and Shia) in Iraq threatens the fragile democracy there. Within the United States