Download The Late Middle Ages

The Late Middle Ages
SOL: WHI.12
Section I:
DEVELOPMENT OF
NATION STATES
How did we get here?
Compare the two maps
Important info to remember
In the feudal system – Lords/Nobles most
powerful – vassals swear their allegiance
to the lords.
 Angles-Saxons forced to England
 Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman
Emperor

◦ Emperor of the Franks
Rise of Nation-States
Monarchies (kings) slowly began to
increase their power
 Decline in feudalism
 Nationalism, pride for one’s country,
became important


We will focus on 4 specific nation-states:
1. England
3. Spain
2. France
4. Russia
WHERE IS ENGLAND
ON THESE MAPS?
Monarchs in England

In 1066 England deals
with the death of
Anglo-Saxon King
Edward.

A council of nobles
choose Edward’s
brother-in-law
Harold.
◦ No heir to the throne
◦ Harold becomes the
next king of England
on Jan, 5 1066

Duke William of
Normandy also
claims the English
throne.
Solution?
England During the Late Middle
Ages

Gaining support from the pope, William and
his Norman invasion fleet sailed across the
English Channel to capture the English
throne.

At the Battle of Hastings in 1066 William and
his Norman knights defeated Harold.

On Christmas day in 1066 William would be
named King of England.
Summary
(video horrible
histories)

King Edward Dies

Harold vs. William

William is the Victor
William the Conqueror
William the Conqueror
He made vassals swear allegiance to him
instead of to the feudal lord.
 Domesday Book (scary but not really)

◦ Complete census was taken in 1086.
◦ Listed every castle and field in England.
◦ Helps with tax collecting.
Henry II

In 1154, educated King Henry II took the throne.

Broaden the system of royal justice.
◦ Created “common law.”
Common law applied to all of England.

Develop the early form of the grand jury
system.
◦ These early juries determined which cases
should be brought to trial.
King Henry II
King John and the Magna Carta

After Henry’s death his son John took the throne.

During his reign he angered nobles with high taxes
and other abuses of power.

In 1215, a group of barons would force him to sign
the “Magna Carta” against his own free will.
◦ Also called the Great Charter.
Magna Carta (videos)

The Magna Carta limited the English King’s power,
and forced the king to follow certain laws.
◦ Needed approval for new taxes and new laws
◦ Support for wars

Important legal document in democracy. (Why?)
◦ Bill of Rights and Constitution

The Magna Carta would help England evolve into a
representative government (Parliament)
◦ Law making branch of England
◦ Parliament has two houses which are the “House of Lords”
and “House of Commons.”
English Review
FRANCE

Monarchs in France did NOT rule a unified country.

Territories were ruled by feudal lords.

In 987 there was a vacant throne. To fill the spot
these feudal lords chose Hugh Capet to be king.
◦ He was picked because he was too weak to oppose
them.

Capet and his heirs strengthen the monarch
◦ Setup throne in the city of Paris
◦ Hereditary Rule
◦ Supported by the church.
◦ Added to French lands.
Monarchs of FRANCE
After Louis the next person to take the
throne is Philip IV.
 Set up the Estates General in 1302. (video)

 The estate had representatives from all three classes.
 First Estate (Clergy)
 Second Estate (Nobility)
 Third Estate (townsmen and small landowners)
Monarchs of England & France
England
• King William
– Originally Duke of Normandy.
– Won at the Battle of Hastings
(1066).
– Had Domesday book written.
• King Henry II
– Created common law
– Developed early form of the
grand jury system
• King John
– In 1215 he was forced to sign
the Magna Carta. (Great
Charter)
France
• Hugh Capet
– Feudal lords chose him to
become king in 987. To fill the
vacant throne.
– Established throne in Paris
– His heirs would increase in
power.
• Philip IV
– Set up the Estates General
Hundred Years War
• Between 1337 and
1453 England and
France would be
pitted in a series of
conflicts that will
become known as the
Hundred Years War.
• The cause for this
conflict comes from
England trying to hold
onto French land that
they believed
belonged to them
Hundred Years War

At the very beginning England starts to
win a string of victories.

Much of their success can be attributed
to the longbow.
◦ This was a powerful new weapon that was six
feet long and took years to master.
◦ It’s arrows could pierce into anything except
for extremely heavy armor.
Hundred Years War

In 1429, a 17 year old
peasant girl would
come into the war.
◦ Influenced the king to let
her lead his army.

This girl is known as
Joan of Arc.
◦ She appeared at the
court of Charles VII.
Charles is the
uncrowned king of
France.
◦ She told the French
king that God had sent
her to help led France
into victory.
Hundred Years War


Joan inspired the French
troops to continue
fighting and to not give
up.
Joan is responsible for
leading the French to
several victories, and she
also planted the seeds
for future triumphs.
Joan would be taken
hostage by the
English, and in an
effort to discredit
her they had her
tried for witchcraft.
 She was convicted
and burned at the
stake.
 She would later be
declared a saint.

Joan of Arc
(video)
Hundred Years War

After Joan’s death the French where
ready to defeat the English.

With the help from a powerful new
weapon (cannon) they defeat the English.
Result Of The War

Helps define France and England as nations

English had to rely more on Parliament.

Castles and knights doomed thanks to the
cannons and longbow.

Feudal society was changing and ending
Holy Roman Empire
◦ Holy: Because the pope crowned them.
◦ Roman: Believed were heirs to the emperors
of ancient Rome.
Holy Roman Empire

Henry IV as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.

Henry IV believed he had the right to install bishops.
◦ lay investiture: creation of bishops by anyone who is not a
member of the clergy

Pope Gregory VII wanted the church to be independent
from secular rulers. (Dictatus Papae)
◦ He banned the practice of lay investiture.
Holy Roman Empire (video)

Lay Investitures issue was resolved with the
Concordat of Worms.
◦ Concordat – agreement between the church and
secular leaders
◦ This was an agreement that the church had the
sole power to elect bishops. But the emperor had
the power to give bishops their fiefs.
◦ Emperor and pope are equal
Monarchs of the Holy Roman
Empire



Otto I
◦ Took over Charlemagne’s empire after it’s complete
collapse.
◦ Worked very closely with the church
Henry IV
◦ Fought Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture.
Frederick I & Frederick II
◦ Both tried to expand the empire into Northern
Italy.
◦ This would fragment the Roman Empire and leave
Italy in ruins.
Spain

Ferdinand and Isabella unified the
country and expelled (kick out) the
Muslim Moors and the Jews

The Spanish Empire in the Western
Hemisphere was later expanded by
Charles V
Russia

Ivan the Great
◦ Threw out the Mongols
◦ Centralized power in Moscow
◦ Expanded the Russian Nation.

Power in the hands of the czar (tsar)

The Greek Orthodox Church
influenced unification.
Section 2:
CRUSADES
VIDEO
The Crusades

Holy Wars: Christians v. Muslims and Jews
over the Holy Land

The Crusades started when Byzantine
emperor asked Pope Urban II for Christian
knights to help him fight the invading Turks.

In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Urban
called for a Crusade to free the Holy land.

The Crusades will continue (on and off) for
the next two hundred years.
Pope Urban II Speech
The Crusades

The Crusades started as an attempt to stop Muslims
from advancing farther into the Byzantine Empire.

From there Christians decided to capture Palestine.
◦ Considered to be the Holy Land. It was called this
because this was where Jesus lived and taught.

The first Crusade started in 1096. It ended in
victory for the Christians because they were
able to capture Jerusalem.
◦ The first Crusade ends with a massacre of Muslims
and Jews.
The Crusades

There are a total of seven major Crusades during the
next two hundred years.

Christians continued to launch these Crusades
because Muslims continued to destroy/conquer
Christian kingdoms.

By 1187, Jerusalem had fallen in the hands of the
Muslims again.
◦ Muslim leader Salah al-Din (Saladin) is responsible for
this Muslim victory.

Support for these Crusades would start to dwindle.
Some Motives of the Crusades
Pope Urban hoped to increase his power throughout
Europe.
 Urban also wanted to heal the schism.
◦ Schism: Split between the Roman and Byzantine
churches.
 It was said to be God’s will to free the Holy Land and
to reunite the church.
 It united Christian soldiers together to fight the
Muslims and to regain the Holy Land and liberate
Jerusalem.
 Soldiers dying were granted into heaven. This was
according to the pope.

Effects of the Crusades

Helped increased trade.
◦ Some goods that Crusaders brought back
from the Middle East were fabrics, spices, and
perfumes.
Monarchs gained more power thanks to
the Crusades. (How?)
 Weakened the power of popes and
nobles. (Why?)
 Weakened the Byzantine Empire (How?)

Trade Routes
Effects of the Crusades (video)

Contact with the Muslim world would open
Europeans eyes. They realized that there was a bigger
world out there. This led to exploration.
◦ In 1271 Marco Polo set out for China.

The Crusaders helped bring back new technology as
well as new studies.
◦ Technology: Abacus, magnetic compass.
◦ Studies: Mathematics, philosophy, and medicine.
Section 3:
DECLINE OF THE
MIDDLE AGES
The Bubonic Plague



Also known as the Black Death!
The Black Death hit Europe during the mid 1300’s.
Bubonic plague had broken out before.
◦ Originally in central Asia
◦ It broke out in Europe, Asia, and North Africa.
◦ One strain survived in Mongolia.

The disease is said to have been spread by fleas on
rats.
The Bubonic Plague






One in three people died from this disease (1/3 of
Europe’s population died).
Estimated 75 million people worldwide died.
The plague brought terror because people had no clue
about the disease or how to stop it.
Some people believed this plague was God’s
punishment.
Christians blamed Jews for the
plague.
Normal life broke down.
The Bubonic Plague
Because the population was declining the
economy started to collapse.
 After the Black Death art would turn
morbid/disturbing/unpleasant

◦ WHY?

The Black Death caused the slowdown of
technological advances.
Impact of the Black Death
Decline in population
 Scarcity of labor
 Towns freed from feudal obligations

◦ How?

Decline of church influence
◦ Why?

Disruption of Trade