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The Late Middle Ages SOL: WHI.12 Section I: DEVELOPMENT OF NATION STATES How did we get here? Compare the two maps Important info to remember In the feudal system – Lords/Nobles most powerful – vassals swear their allegiance to the lords. Angles-Saxons forced to England Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor ◦ Emperor of the Franks Rise of Nation-States Monarchies (kings) slowly began to increase their power Decline in feudalism Nationalism, pride for one’s country, became important We will focus on 4 specific nation-states: 1. England 3. Spain 2. France 4. Russia WHERE IS ENGLAND ON THESE MAPS? Monarchs in England In 1066 England deals with the death of Anglo-Saxon King Edward. A council of nobles choose Edward’s brother-in-law Harold. ◦ No heir to the throne ◦ Harold becomes the next king of England on Jan, 5 1066 Duke William of Normandy also claims the English throne. Solution? England During the Late Middle Ages Gaining support from the pope, William and his Norman invasion fleet sailed across the English Channel to capture the English throne. At the Battle of Hastings in 1066 William and his Norman knights defeated Harold. On Christmas day in 1066 William would be named King of England. Summary (video horrible histories) King Edward Dies Harold vs. William William is the Victor William the Conqueror William the Conqueror He made vassals swear allegiance to him instead of to the feudal lord. Domesday Book (scary but not really) ◦ Complete census was taken in 1086. ◦ Listed every castle and field in England. ◦ Helps with tax collecting. Henry II In 1154, educated King Henry II took the throne. Broaden the system of royal justice. ◦ Created “common law.” Common law applied to all of England. Develop the early form of the grand jury system. ◦ These early juries determined which cases should be brought to trial. King Henry II King John and the Magna Carta After Henry’s death his son John took the throne. During his reign he angered nobles with high taxes and other abuses of power. In 1215, a group of barons would force him to sign the “Magna Carta” against his own free will. ◦ Also called the Great Charter. Magna Carta (videos) The Magna Carta limited the English King’s power, and forced the king to follow certain laws. ◦ Needed approval for new taxes and new laws ◦ Support for wars Important legal document in democracy. (Why?) ◦ Bill of Rights and Constitution The Magna Carta would help England evolve into a representative government (Parliament) ◦ Law making branch of England ◦ Parliament has two houses which are the “House of Lords” and “House of Commons.” English Review FRANCE Monarchs in France did NOT rule a unified country. Territories were ruled by feudal lords. In 987 there was a vacant throne. To fill the spot these feudal lords chose Hugh Capet to be king. ◦ He was picked because he was too weak to oppose them. Capet and his heirs strengthen the monarch ◦ Setup throne in the city of Paris ◦ Hereditary Rule ◦ Supported by the church. ◦ Added to French lands. Monarchs of FRANCE After Louis the next person to take the throne is Philip IV. Set up the Estates General in 1302. (video) The estate had representatives from all three classes. First Estate (Clergy) Second Estate (Nobility) Third Estate (townsmen and small landowners) Monarchs of England & France England • King William – Originally Duke of Normandy. – Won at the Battle of Hastings (1066). – Had Domesday book written. • King Henry II – Created common law – Developed early form of the grand jury system • King John – In 1215 he was forced to sign the Magna Carta. (Great Charter) France • Hugh Capet – Feudal lords chose him to become king in 987. To fill the vacant throne. – Established throne in Paris – His heirs would increase in power. • Philip IV – Set up the Estates General Hundred Years War • Between 1337 and 1453 England and France would be pitted in a series of conflicts that will become known as the Hundred Years War. • The cause for this conflict comes from England trying to hold onto French land that they believed belonged to them Hundred Years War At the very beginning England starts to win a string of victories. Much of their success can be attributed to the longbow. ◦ This was a powerful new weapon that was six feet long and took years to master. ◦ It’s arrows could pierce into anything except for extremely heavy armor. Hundred Years War In 1429, a 17 year old peasant girl would come into the war. ◦ Influenced the king to let her lead his army. This girl is known as Joan of Arc. ◦ She appeared at the court of Charles VII. Charles is the uncrowned king of France. ◦ She told the French king that God had sent her to help led France into victory. Hundred Years War Joan inspired the French troops to continue fighting and to not give up. Joan is responsible for leading the French to several victories, and she also planted the seeds for future triumphs. Joan would be taken hostage by the English, and in an effort to discredit her they had her tried for witchcraft. She was convicted and burned at the stake. She would later be declared a saint. Joan of Arc (video) Hundred Years War After Joan’s death the French where ready to defeat the English. With the help from a powerful new weapon (cannon) they defeat the English. Result Of The War Helps define France and England as nations English had to rely more on Parliament. Castles and knights doomed thanks to the cannons and longbow. Feudal society was changing and ending Holy Roman Empire ◦ Holy: Because the pope crowned them. ◦ Roman: Believed were heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome. Holy Roman Empire Henry IV as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Henry IV believed he had the right to install bishops. ◦ lay investiture: creation of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy Pope Gregory VII wanted the church to be independent from secular rulers. (Dictatus Papae) ◦ He banned the practice of lay investiture. Holy Roman Empire (video) Lay Investitures issue was resolved with the Concordat of Worms. ◦ Concordat – agreement between the church and secular leaders ◦ This was an agreement that the church had the sole power to elect bishops. But the emperor had the power to give bishops their fiefs. ◦ Emperor and pope are equal Monarchs of the Holy Roman Empire Otto I ◦ Took over Charlemagne’s empire after it’s complete collapse. ◦ Worked very closely with the church Henry IV ◦ Fought Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture. Frederick I & Frederick II ◦ Both tried to expand the empire into Northern Italy. ◦ This would fragment the Roman Empire and leave Italy in ruins. Spain Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled (kick out) the Muslim Moors and the Jews The Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere was later expanded by Charles V Russia Ivan the Great ◦ Threw out the Mongols ◦ Centralized power in Moscow ◦ Expanded the Russian Nation. Power in the hands of the czar (tsar) The Greek Orthodox Church influenced unification. Section 2: CRUSADES VIDEO The Crusades Holy Wars: Christians v. Muslims and Jews over the Holy Land The Crusades started when Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help him fight the invading Turks. In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Urban called for a Crusade to free the Holy land. The Crusades will continue (on and off) for the next two hundred years. Pope Urban II Speech The Crusades The Crusades started as an attempt to stop Muslims from advancing farther into the Byzantine Empire. From there Christians decided to capture Palestine. ◦ Considered to be the Holy Land. It was called this because this was where Jesus lived and taught. The first Crusade started in 1096. It ended in victory for the Christians because they were able to capture Jerusalem. ◦ The first Crusade ends with a massacre of Muslims and Jews. The Crusades There are a total of seven major Crusades during the next two hundred years. Christians continued to launch these Crusades because Muslims continued to destroy/conquer Christian kingdoms. By 1187, Jerusalem had fallen in the hands of the Muslims again. ◦ Muslim leader Salah al-Din (Saladin) is responsible for this Muslim victory. Support for these Crusades would start to dwindle. Some Motives of the Crusades Pope Urban hoped to increase his power throughout Europe. Urban also wanted to heal the schism. ◦ Schism: Split between the Roman and Byzantine churches. It was said to be God’s will to free the Holy Land and to reunite the church. It united Christian soldiers together to fight the Muslims and to regain the Holy Land and liberate Jerusalem. Soldiers dying were granted into heaven. This was according to the pope. Effects of the Crusades Helped increased trade. ◦ Some goods that Crusaders brought back from the Middle East were fabrics, spices, and perfumes. Monarchs gained more power thanks to the Crusades. (How?) Weakened the power of popes and nobles. (Why?) Weakened the Byzantine Empire (How?) Trade Routes Effects of the Crusades (video) Contact with the Muslim world would open Europeans eyes. They realized that there was a bigger world out there. This led to exploration. ◦ In 1271 Marco Polo set out for China. The Crusaders helped bring back new technology as well as new studies. ◦ Technology: Abacus, magnetic compass. ◦ Studies: Mathematics, philosophy, and medicine. Section 3: DECLINE OF THE MIDDLE AGES The Bubonic Plague Also known as the Black Death! The Black Death hit Europe during the mid 1300’s. Bubonic plague had broken out before. ◦ Originally in central Asia ◦ It broke out in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. ◦ One strain survived in Mongolia. The disease is said to have been spread by fleas on rats. The Bubonic Plague One in three people died from this disease (1/3 of Europe’s population died). Estimated 75 million people worldwide died. The plague brought terror because people had no clue about the disease or how to stop it. Some people believed this plague was God’s punishment. Christians blamed Jews for the plague. Normal life broke down. The Bubonic Plague Because the population was declining the economy started to collapse. After the Black Death art would turn morbid/disturbing/unpleasant ◦ WHY? The Black Death caused the slowdown of technological advances. Impact of the Black Death Decline in population Scarcity of labor Towns freed from feudal obligations ◦ How? Decline of church influence ◦ Why? Disruption of Trade