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Agenda • • • • Bell ringer Review Islam Byzantine Empire Closure Review • What is the significance of the Shari’a? • How did urbanization and conversion prompt accomplishments? • What was the role of women in Islamic society? Slaves? • How did the migrations of Iranian scholars center Islam on the madrasa and how did they contribute to the rise of Sufism? Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.) ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE(6001200) Objectives • Evaluate the origins and effects of the schism in 1054. • Describe the evolution of the Byzantine Empire from rise (or survival?) to fall. • Identify cultural achievements of Byzantium. • Identify the contributions of Byzantine missionaries to Russia. Essential Questions • What were the origins and effects of the schism in 1054? • Describe the evolution of the Byzantine Empire from rise (or survival?) to fall. • What were the cultural achievements of Byzantium? • What did Byzantine missionaries contribute to Russia? Target: The Byzantine Empire (6001200) • Christianity. • Continuation of Roman imperial rule and tradition. • One ruler with absolute authority prevented fall. • Arab invasions reduced population, wealthy provinces, and power. • Turks threatened north and south. • Schism in 1054 – Mid-ninth century – patriarchs of Constantinople challenged Roman papal jurisdiction and some Latin church practices. – Formal break between the Latin and Orthodox churches. • Society and urban life – Initial imperial authority and urban prosperity. – 6th century – “plague of Justinian” – 7th century – epidemics, loss of land to Muslims – Family-based military aristocracy by end of eleventh century. – Economics • Emperors set prices, organized grain shipments, and monopolized trade in luxury goods. – May have slowed technological development and economic innovation. • Focus on Constantinople drained wealth from other cities. • No advanced farming technology. • Fell to the Ottomans in 1453. • Cultural achievements – Hagia Sophia (“Sacred Wisdom”) cathedral – Preserved Greco-Roman civilization – Justinian’s Code – Missionaries influenced Russia with Cyrillic alphabet, domed architecture, and Orthodox Christianity Essential Questions • What were the origins and effects of the schism in 1054? • Describe the evolution of the Byzantine Empire from rise (or survival?) to fall. • What were the cultural achievements of Byzantium? • What did Byzantine missionaries contribute to Russia? Agenda • • • • Bell ringer Review Byzantine Empire Early Medieval Europe Closure Review • What were the origins and effects of the schism in 1054? • Describe the evolution of the Byzantine Empire from rise (or survival?) to fall. • What were the cultural achievements of Byzantium? • What did Byzantine missionaries contribute to Russia? Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.) ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE(6001200) Objectives • Describe the role of Germanic kingdoms in western Europe after the fall of Rome. • Identify the importance of the Carolingians. • Describe manorialism. • Describe feudalism. Essential Questions • What was the role of Germanic kingdoms in western Europe after the fall of Rome? • What was the importance of the Carolingians? • What is manorialism? • What is feudalism? Target: Early Medieval Europe (6001000) • Rise of kings, nobles, and chieftains changed legal and political landscape of western Europe. • People sought protection of local lords. • Carolingian family – Military effectiveness – Charlemagne encouraged Latin learning, set up schools, helped spread Christianity. – Treaty of Verdun (843) divided into Frenchspeaking, Burgundy, and German-speaking regions. • Vikings new threat to western Europe in 793. – Captains organized settlement of Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland. – William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066 – ended Anglo-Saxon domination of the island. Map 10-2, p. 260 • Self-sufficient economy – Most cities lost population, some became villages. – Reliance on local resources. – Growth of Germanic cultural traditions because of decline of literacy. • Manorialism – Manors - self-sufficient farming estates – Many farmers gave land to large landowners in return for political and physical protection. – Poor communication + no organized government = landowners depended on own resources. – Serfs – agricultural workers belonged to the manor. • Early medieval society in the West – Men swore allegiance to war chiefs. • Increased use of mounted warriors. – Feudalism • Kings and lords gave land to vassals in return for military support from the knights. • Oversimplification. – Most Germans fought on foot. – Knights • Stirrups. – Since land was basis of wealth, needed financial support from land revenues. • Kings began to reward armed service with land grants (fiefs) – Lords provided governance and justice. – Church limited power of the monarch. • Noblewomen – Marriage alliances affected entire kingdoms. – Little say in marriage matters. – Could own land, sometimes administered estates when husbands were at war. – Non-noble women worked in the fields. Essential Questions • What was the role of Germanic kingdoms in western Europe after the fall of Rome? • What was the importance of the Carolingians? • What is manorialism? • What is feudalism? Agenda • Bell ringer • Review Islam (through umma) • Islam (to Review • What was the role of Germanic kingdoms in western Europe after the fall of Rome? • What was the importance of the Carolingians? • What is manorialism? • What is feudalism? Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.) ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE(6001200) Objectives • Describe the causes of the investiture controversy and explain how this illustrates the relationship between the Church and monarchs during the Middle Ages. • Evaluate the role of monasteries. Essential Questions • What were the causes of the investiture controversy? How does this illustrate the relationship between the Church and monarchs during the Middle Ages? • What was the role of monasteries? Target: The Western Church • Pope – head of the church in western Europe. • Missionaries spread Christianity to British Isles and German lands. • Roman nobles lost control of the papacy. – Obstacles to unifying church standards and practices – disagreements over regulations, lack of educated clergy, difficult communication, political disorder. – Lingering polytheism, lax enforcement of prohibition of marriage of clergy, nepotism, and simony. • Unifying forces – asserting legal jurisdiction over clergy, combating polytheism, calling on secular rulers to recognize pope’s authority. • Politics and the church – Pope and kings both saw themselves as ultimate authorities. – 962 – pope crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor • Secular authority as guardian of Christian interests. Little influence. – Canon law gave pope legal jurisdiction over all clergy and church property. – Investiture controversy – question over who held ultimate authority over bishops. • Concordat of Worms (1122) reduced tensions • Monasticism – Monks and nuns lived in organized communities – Devotion, work, celibacy, poverty, obedience to the abbot. – Preserved literacy and learning. – Missionaries. – Housed travelers. – Convents provided refuge for widows. Essential Questions • What were the causes of the investiture controversy? How does this illustrate the relationship between the Church and monarchs during the Middle Ages? • What was the role of monasteries? Agenda • Bell ringer Review • What were the causes of the investiture controversy? How does this illustrate the relationship between the Church and monarchs during the Middle Ages? • What was the role of monasteries? Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.) ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE(6001200) Objectives • Evaluate why power in Kievan Russia differed from power in western Europe during the Middle Ages. • Describe the role of the Varangians in Kievan Russia. • Evaluate the role of Vladimir I in making Orthodox Christianity the official religion of Kievan Russia. • Identify Byzantine culture present in Kievan Russia. Essential Questions • Why did power in Kievan Russia differ from power in western Europe during the Middle Ages? • What was the role of the Varangians in Kievan Russia? • How did Vladimir I make Orthodox Christianity the official religion of Kievan Russia? • What elements of Byzantine culture were present in Kievan Russia? Map 10-3, p. 272 Target: Kievan Russia (900-1200) • The Rise of the Kievan Empire – Geography • Frozen tundra, cold forest zone, more temperate forest, mix of forest and steppe grasslands, grassland. • Several navigable rivers run north to south. – Linguistic and territorial changes. • Most Germanic peoples migrated into eastern Europe from Ukraine and Russia in Roman times. – Those who remained behind spoke eastern Slavic languages. • Forest dwellers, farmers, and steppe nomads helped each other economically. – Arrival of Varangians (Swedish Vikings). • Rus came to refer to the Slavic-speaking peoples ruled by the Varangians. • Kiev controlled trade on Dnieper River, had contacts with Byzantium. – 980 - Vladimir I grand prince of Kievan Russia. • Converted to Orthodox Christianity, invited clerics and missionaries. • Brought Cyrillic alphabet p. 273 • Society and culture – Power from trade, not landholding. – Many cities little more than fortified trading posts, but were centers for development of crafts. – Christianity spread, but there was some polytheist rebellion. • Church became increasingly involved in politics and economics. Essential Questions • Why did power in Kievan Russia differ from power in western Europe during the Middle Ages? • What was the role of the Varangians in Kievan Russia? • How did Vladimir I make Orthodox Christianity the official religion of Kievan Russia? • What elements of Byzantine culture were present in Kievan Russia? Agenda • Bell ringer • Review Islam (through umma) • Islam (to Review • Why did power in Kievan Russia differ from power in western Europe during the Middle Ages? • What was the role of the Varangians in Kievan Russia? • How did Vladimir I make Orthodox Christianity the official religion of Kievan Russia? • What elements of Byzantine culture were present in Kievan Russia? Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.) ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE(6001200) Objectives • Describe the evolution of western Europe after 1000. • Describe how new technologies contributed to economic revival. • Evaluate the significance of northern Italian cities as well as Flanders. Essential Questions • How did western Europe evolve after 1000? • How did new technologies contribute to economic revival? • What was the significance of northern Italian cities as well as Flanders? Target: Western Europe Revives(10001200) • Slowly emerged from subsistence economy. • Population and agricultural production increased. • Money-based economy returned. • Role of technology – Population increase. – New plow, efficient draft harnesses. – Horses. • Cities and the rebirth of trade – Independent cities appeared first in Italy and Flanders. • Lacking extensive farmland, turned to manufacturing and trade. – Serfs free when they lived in the city for a year and a day. – Ghent, Bruges, and Ypres in Flanders. • Fishing and wool trades. – Coinage returned. Map 10-4, p. 277 Essential Questions • How did western Europe evolve after 1000? • How did new technologies contribute to economic revival? • What was the significance of northern Italian cities as well as Flanders? Agenda • Bell ringer • Review Islam (through umma) • Islam (to Review • How did western Europe evolve after 1000? • How did new technologies contribute to economic revival? • What was the significance of northern Italian cities as well as Flanders? Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.) ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE(6001200) Objectives • Describe the causes of the Crusades. • Evaluate the impact of the Crusades on western Europe. Essential Questions • What were the causes of the Crusades? • What were the impacts of the Crusades on western Europe? Target: The Crusades (1095-1204) • Roots of the Crusades – Ambitious – land – Nobles – land and titles. – Italian merchants – increase trade and acquire trading posts in Muslim territory – Holy Land had been under Muslim rule for 400 years. • Pilgrimages, generally protected by Muslims, but conditions deteriorated. • Council of Clermont (1095) – pope called on Christians to reclaim the Holy Land p. 278 • Impact – Exposure to Muslim culture. • Eventually, Europeans learned to make pasta, paper, refined sugar, colored glass, etc. • Many works brought back, eventually translated into Latin and studied. – Transformed the intellectual world of the western Europeans. Essential Questions • What were the causes of the Crusades? • What were the impacts of the Crusades on western Europe?