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Name: ________________________ Holden – Global I (9th Grade) Date: Period: Mesoamerican Civilizations Introduction Tens of thousands of years ago, Paleolithic hunters migrated to North America from Asia. People learned to cultivate plants and to domesticate animals. These changes led to an increase in the amount of food. As a result, the population increased. In the Americas, complex societies developed. The Olmecs, the Mayas, the Aztecs ruled great empires in Mexico. In South America, the Incas conquered a vast area along the western coast. The people in these empires were skilled farmers, were devoted to their religions, and possessed advanced knowledge in many areas. 1. What is another Social Studies term that can be used interchangeably with Paleolithic Age? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the difference between Paleolithic life and Neolithic life? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What are the names of the civilizations that emerged in the Americas? Where were they located? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Geographic Setting During the last ice age, large amounts of ocean water froze into thick ice sheets. A frozen land bridge between Siberia and Alaska was created named the Bering Land Bridge. Across this bridge, groups of Paleolithic hunters in Asia followed herds of bison and mammoths into North America. Over the centuries, the nomadic hunter-gathers in North America migrated eastward and southward. These first Americans settled in many different regions and had to adapt to a variety of climates and landforms, including woodlands, fertile plains, mountain ranges and thick rain forests. Slowly, between 8500 B.C. and 2000 B.C., important changes occurred. Groups of Americans learned to cultivate crops. They began to domesticate animals and farm. Neolithic farmers in Mexico grew a variety of crops, including corn, beans, sweet potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, and squash. In the Americas, as in Africa, Europe, and Asia, this agricultural revolution had a major impact on the population. Farmers settled into villages that sometimes developed into large religious centers, which then grew into major cities. The first great American civilizations developed in Mesoamerica, also called Middle America, the region that includes present-day Mexico and Central America. 4. How did early settlers arrive to North America? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Why are the ancient civilizations of the Americas called “mesoamerican” civilizations? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Pre-Columbian Civilizations in the Americas Civilizations that of emerged in Mesoamerica are called pre-Columbian because before the 3. What are the names the civilizations that emerged in the Americas? Where werethey theyexisted located? arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. The earliest of these major American civilizations was the Olmec _____________________________________________________________________________________ Empire, which developed along the Gulf coast of Mexico and lasted from around 1400s B.C. to 500 B.C. The _____________________________________________________________________________________ Olmecs built pyramid-shaped temples, invented the calendar and a system of writing. They developed a very religious culture. Through trade links, their influence extended over a large area, and characteristics of their civilization were common in later Mesoamerican civilizations. 6. What does pre-Columbian describe? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Who were the Olmecs and what did they accomplish? ____________________________________________ _________________________________________ Geography of the Americas Label: - North America - South America - Siberia - Bering Strait - Rocky Mts. - Appalachian Mts. - East and West Sierra Madre Mts. - Andes Mts. - Gulf of Mexico - Pacific Ocean - Atlantic Ocean - Atacama Desert Color and Label: Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations. First Americans Migrated from Asia to Alaska over _____________________________ About 30,000 years ago People gradually migrated south Regions ______________________________ modern day Canada, U.S., and Mexico ______________________________ modern day Mexico and Central America ______________________________ includes modern day Brazil, Peru, and Chile Physical Features Mountain backbone down western Americas o North America _____________________________ o _____________________________ East and West Sierra Madre Mountains o South America _________________________ Rivers o ___________________________ Mississippi River o South America ___________________________________ Climates Cold, icy, treeless lands Far North and South Hot, wet climate and thick vegetation rainforests and jungles close to ___________________ ___________________ Southwest North America and Atacama in Chile in South America ____________________ fertile plains in North & South America Adapting to Geography Agricultural Revolution farming and domesticated animals Early Americans depended on crops corn, beans, sweet potatoes, squash, peppers, and tomatoes ______________________________ limits farming abilities Farmers settled in villages villages grew into ____________ large cities became center of first ______________________________________ The World of the Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas: Geography of Central & South America First Americans Migrated from Asia to Alaska over Bering Land Bridge About 30,000 years ago People gradually migrated south Regions North America modern day Canada, U.S., and Mexico Middle America modern day Mexico and Central America South America includes modern day Brazil, Peru, and Chile Physical Features Mountain backbone down western Americas o North America Rocky Mountains o Middle America East and West Sierra Madre Mountains o South America Andes Mountains Rivers o North America Mississippi River o South America Amazon River Climates Cold, icy, treeless lands Far North and South Hot, wet climate and thick vegetation rainforests and jungles close to Equator Deserts Southwest North America and Atacama in Chile in South America Woodlands fertile plains in North & South America Adapting to Geography Agricultural Revolution farming and domesticated animals Early Americans depended on crops corn, beans, sweet potatoes, squash, peppers, and tomatoes No large work animals limits farming abilities Farmers settled in villages villages grew into cities large cities became center of first American Civilizations