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KING ABDULAZIZ UNVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
SUMMER-2015
BASIC ELECTRICAL LABORATORY REPORT
(EE250/251)
STUDENT NAME:
COMPUTER ID:
SECTION:
1
TABLE OF CONTENT
EXPT
NO.
NAME OF EXPERIMENT
1
2
3
4
MEASUREMENTS
VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW
RESISTANCE IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVIDER
RULE
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
LAW
THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S
THEOREM
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
5
6
7
8
DATE OF
REPORT
CONDUCTION GRADES
(10)
AVERAGE
FINAL EXAM
FINAL GRADE= AVERAGE + FINAL EXAM
INSTRUCTOR SIGNATURE:
DATE:
2
EE251/250 LABORATORY GRADING AND RULES
Total Laboratory contribution is 15 out of 100.
10 out of 15 are for the report which is filled out at the end of each laboratory
session. The reports will not be accepted after lab.
5 out 15 are for the final laboratory exam which will be included at the end of
the semester. The questions in the exam will be similar to the experiments
done in the lab but need not be identical.
1. Attendance is must. If you don’t attend lab without valid reason you will
loose 2 out of the 15 grades allotted for the lab. You are suggested to
check your attendance sheet at the end of each lab session to avoid
mistakes.
2. There are no grades for attendance.
3. If for any reason you are unable to attend the lab in your assigned session
then you can make up the lab in another available session.
4. Official Sick leave must be submitted the very next day when you attend
the lab.
BASIC RULES FOR THE LABORATORY
1. All the students should purchase a lab coat which they should wear
during the lab session.
2. All the students should wear shoes and come to the lab. Failing to do so
they will not be allowed to attend the lab.
3. For each lab session a short introduction will be given about the
experiments. All students must be in the lab on schedule time. If any
student comes late they will get negative mark according to the table
shown below.
4. Before leaving the lab check to see that the groups table and floor is
clean and all equipment should be in place failing to do so the entire
group will get negative marks.
5. If any members of the group do not attend on time then no assistance
will be provided to the group during the lab session.
3
6. Students will not be allowed to change their lab session after the first
week of the semester.
7. Students are not allowed to eat, drink or bring any food or water in the
lab. Anyone found doing so will get negative mark as mentioned in the
table below.
8. Before entering the lab all mobiles should be either switched off or kept
in silent mode. Anyone found using mobile inside the lab will be awarded
negative mark as mentioned in the table below.
9. To be eligible for the lab final exam all the experiments should be
completed and submitted. Failing to do so will cause the group to a
denial of the final exam.
All the negative marks accumulated by the students will be added to the
students final grade which will cause their grade to reduce.
Hence follow the rule of the lab strictly.
Table: Table showing code of the activity, activity and its negative
Code
L
XL
XXL
BF
M
NI
W
A
N
Activity
5-10 min late
10-15 min late
15-20 min late
Bringing food or drink or gum
Mobile call or ring
Not involving in experiment
Some wires or tissues on the floor
Absence during experiment
Noise
4
grade
Negative Grades
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
HOW THE BREADBOARD IS ORGANIZED
Sections of the BREADBOARD have rows or columns that are all connected
together, making it easy to have multiple things connected together.
Here's some detail of how the BREADBOARD that we use is organized:
The Horizontal Rows have 5 holes (abcde) and (fghij) with sockets that are
connected together. Any wires or parts that are plugged into this row are
connected
together.
The Vertical Columns (+Red and -Blue) have the same connection running all
the way down.
5
EE 250/251
LAB 1
GRADE
LLAM
BASIC ELECTRICAL
MEASUREMENTS
ENGINEERING
SPRING 2015
Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
Sr no.
1
DAY:
NAME OF STUDENT
TIME:
ID
OBJECTIVE:
1. Recognize the color code for resistors.
2. a. To learn how digital multimeter is used.
b. To learn the operational controls of function generator.
c. To learn the operational controls of Oscilloscope.
COLOR CODE CHART:
6
SECTION
COURSE ID
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr. no
1
Resistors
Name
2
Dc supply
3
Function generator
4
Oscilloscope
5
Others
Quantity
Procedure 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Take a resistor and write down its color code.
Against each color write down its coded value.
Write the observed value of the resistor in the table below.
Take a digital multimeter and set its control to resistance mode.
Connect the probes of the multimeter to the ends of the resistor.
Write the measured value of the resistor in the table below.
Repeat the same procedure for a set of 4 different resistors.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr no.
1.
Color code
Observed value of
resistor(Ω)
230K
R=2, O=3, Y=10000, G=5%
Measured value
of resistor(Ω)
2.
3.
4.
Procedure 2a:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Take a DC supply source and adjust its voltage (for variable voltage source) to 5 V.
If the voltage source is a fixed voltage source simply turn on the source.
Set the DMM to voltage mode.
Connect the probes of the DMM with its positive and negative terminal of the voltage source
respectively.
5. Write the observed and measured value of the voltage in the table below.
6. Repeat the same procedure for measuring current and write the observed and measured value of
current in the table below.
7
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. no
Quantity
Observed Value
Measured Value
1.
2.
Procedure 2 (b and c):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Using suitable probes connect the function generator to any one channel of the oscilloscope.
Set a frequency of 1 KHz in the function generator and voltage.
Select the shape of the waveform.
Use the volt/div knob to adjust the voltage of the waveform.
Note the voltage in the table below.
Verify the voltage observed on the oscilloscope.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Waveform
Voltage set by
Function Generator
Voltage measured by
oscilloscope
REMARK:
1.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
2a.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
2(b,c)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….
8
EE 250/251
GRADE
LAB 2
BASIC ELECTRICAL
LLAM
VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW
ENGINEERING
SPRING 2015
Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
Sr no.
1
DAY:
NAME OF STUDENT
TIME:
ID
SECTION
COURSE ID
OBJECTIVE:
To verify ohm’s law experimentally and to find relationship between voltage current and resistance in the
circuit.
BACKGROUND:
Ohm's Law deals with the relationship between voltage and current in an ideal conductor. This relationship states
that the potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the current through it. The
constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr.
no
1
Name
Range
Resistors
2
DC variable voltage supply
3
Digital Multimeter
4
Resistance Box
5
Others
9
Quantity
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (Part a)
Figure 1.
PROCEDURE:
To Prove The Ohm’law
a. V α I
b. I α 1/R
a. To Verify “V α I” (Resistance constant)
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure1.
2. Vary the voltage in steps and note down the voltage and the corresponding current in the DMM in the
table below.
3. Using the value of the resistor and the voltage calculate the current.
4. Note the calculated current in the table below.
CALCULATION:
𝑰=
𝑽
𝑹
OBSERVATION TABLE:
VOLTS (V)
OBSERVED CURRENT
I (mA)
10
CALCULATED CURRENT
I(mA)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (Part b)
FIGURE 2.
b. To Verify “ I α 1/R” (Voltage constant)
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure2.
2. Set the voltage to 10 volt.
3. Vary the resistance in steps and note down the corresponding current the DMM in the
table below.
3. Using the value of the resistor and the voltage calculate the current.
4. Note the calculated current in the table below.
CALCULATION:
𝑰=
𝑽
𝑹
OBSERVATION TABLE: Voltage Constant V =10V
RESISTANCE (Ω)
OBSERVED CURRENT
I (mA)
11
CALCULATED CURRENT
I(mA)
REMARK:
2a.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
2b.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
12
EE 250/251
GRADE
LAB 3
BASIC ELECTRICAL
LLAM
Resistance in Series and Parallel
ENGINEERING
SPRING 2015
Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
Sr no.
1
DAY:
TIME:
NAME OF STUDENT
ID
SECTION
COURSE ID
OBJECTIVE:
In the set of experiments, the theoretical expressions used to calculate the total resistance in a combination of
resistors in series and parallel will be tested experimentally. In addition, the expected distribution of the voltage
and current to each resistor in a network will also be tested.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr. no
1
Name
Range
Resistors
2
DC variable voltage supply
3
Digital Multimeter
4
Others
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND CALCULATION:
1. Series resistance
Figure 1. Resistors connected in series
13
Quantity
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
Figure 2. Snapshot of how resistors can be connected in series on breadboard
AA
A
A
A
A
Figure 3. Voltage And Current Relation In A Resistive Series Circuit
14
The voltage drop across the battery VT will be the total sum of the individual drops across each of the 3
resistors, and
VT =V1 + V2 + V3
VT = RT IT
V1 = I1 × R1
V2 = I2 × R2
V3 = I3 × R3
In this circuit the current supplied by the battery flows through each resistor, with the current in each
resistor being the same. If the current supplied by the battery is IT, the current in each resistor is I1, I2, and
I3, and they are all one and the same, then
IT = I1 = I2 = I3
PROCEDURE:
1. Identify the resistance of the resistors using the color code and write the value of each resistors in
the table below.
2. Calculate the total resistance RT and write in the table below.
3. Connect the resistors as shown in figure 1.
4. Using the multimeter in the resistance mode observe the resistance of the circuit at terminal RT.
5. Write the observed value of the resistance in the table.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Standard
Color Code
Resistance Value
From Color Code (Ω)
Observed Value
From DMM (Ω)
Theoritical
RT (Ω)
Observed
RT (Ω)
R1=
R2=
R3=
Procedure For Obtaining Voltage And Current Relation For Series Circuit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
Set the voltage of the voltmeter to 10 V.
Mark this voltage as VT and note this voltage in the table below.
Using the DMM in the current mode observe the current IT and write the value of current in the
table.
5. Using DMM in the voltage mode observe the value for voltages across the resistors R1 , R2 , R3 as V1 ,
V2 , V3 respectively.
6. Using the values of R1 , R2 , R3 and I1 , I2 , I3 calculate the value for V1 , V2 , V3 respectively.
7. Write these value in the table below.
8. Using the DMM in current mode write the values of current I1 , I2 , I3 in the table.
9. Using values of the voltage across the resistors R1 , R2 , R3 obtain the value of current I1 , I2 , I3 .
10. Write these values in the table below.
11. Compare the observed and calculated values of the voltages and current to verify the results.
15
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Measured
Voltage VT(V)
VT =
Measured
Voltage
Across the
resistors (V)
Calculated
Voltage
Across the
resistors (V)
V1 =
V1 =
V2 =
V2 =
V3 =
V3 =
Calculated
voltage VT (V)
VT =
Measured
current
Across the
resistors (I)
mA
I1 =
Calculated
current
Across the
resistors
(I)mA
I1 =
I2 =
I2 =
I3 =
I3 =
2. Parallel resistance
Procedure For Measurement Of Parallel Resistance And Its Related Voltage And Current:
1. Using the resistance values R1 , R2 , R3 calculate the total resistance using the formula for total
resistance in parallel
2. Verify the value of the calculated resistance using the DMM.
3. Note these values in the table below.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Standard
Color Code
Resistance Value
From Color Code (Ω)
Observed Value
From DMM (Ω)
R1=
R2=
R3=
16
Theoritical
RT (Ω)
Observed
RT (Ω)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure 3. Three resistors R1, R2, and R3 connected in parallel showing the flow of current and potential
differences all being equal.
The total current flowing in the circuit is the sum of the separate currents flowing through the resistors,
The voltage drops across the battery and resistors are all equal, and as illustrated in Figure 3,
Procedure For Obtaining Voltage And Current Relation For Parallel Circuit:
1. Using DMM measure the currents I1 , I2 , I3 and . Also measure the value of VT.
2. Wirte these value in the table below.
3. Using the value of resistors and the voltage across the it calculate the value of the currents I1 , I2 , I3.
4. Note these value in the table below.
5. Use these value of current to calculate IT.
6. Compare and verify the results.
17
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Calculated
current
IT(A)
IT =
Calculated
current
Across the
resisitors (A)
Measured
current
Across the
resisitors (A)
I1 =
I1 =
I2 =
I2 =
I3 =
I3 =
Measured
current
IT (A)
IT =
Calculated
voltage
Across the
resisitors (V)
V1 =
Measured
voltage
Across the
resisitors
(V)
V1 =
V2 =
V2 =
V3 =
V3 =
REMARKS:
SERIES CONNECTION:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
PARALLEL CONNECTION:
….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
18
EE 250/251
LAB 4
BASIC ELECTRICAL
GRADE
LLAM
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVIDER
ENGINEERING
RULE
SPRING 2015
Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
Sr no.
1
DAY:
NAME OF STUDENT
TIME:
ID
SECTION
COURSE ID
OBJECTIVE:
Verify the voltage and current division properties as applicable to series and parallel network.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr. no
1
Name
Range
Quantity
Resistors
2
DC variable voltage supply
3
Digital Multimeter
4
Others
THEORY:
The Voltage Divider Rule (VDR) states that the voltage across an element or across a series combination of
elements in a series circuit is equal to the resistance of the element or series combination of elements divided by
the total resistance of the series circuit and multiplied by the total impressed voltage:
𝑉𝑛 =
𝑅𝑛
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡,
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
19
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIGURE 1. SEREIS CIRCUIT
CALCULATION:
𝐼 =
𝑉𝑠
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
; 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑉1 =
𝑅1
𝑉 ; 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅1
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑠
𝑉2 =
𝑅2
𝑉 ; 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅2
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑠
𝑉3 =
𝑅3
𝑉 ; 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅3
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑠
PROCEDURE FOR VOLTAGE DIVISION (VDR):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Connect the circuit shown in Fig. (1).
Take VS = 10V, R1=5KΩ, R2=2.5KΩ and R3=2.5KΩ.
Using ohm’s law calculate the current "𝐼" through the circuit in figure 1.
Practically verify this current using the digital multimeter.
20
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Using the formula for the voltage divider calculate the voltage across each resistor.
Write the calculated voltage in the table below in the column for calculated value.
Measure the voltage across the resistors R1, R2 & R3 using a digital multimeter in the DC voltage mode.
Write the value of the voltage across the resistors in the table below in the column for the observed value.
Write the remark from the result obtained from the observed and calculated values.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Impressed / supply
voltage
(V)
𝑽𝑺 =
Calculated
Current
(mA)
Observed
Current
(mA)
𝑰=
𝑰=
Calculated Value Of
Voltage Across Resistors
(V)
V1 =
Observed Value Of
Voltage Across Resistors
(V)
V1 =
V2 =
V2 =
V3 =
V3 =
𝑽𝑺 = V1 +V2 +V3 =
𝑽𝑺 = V1 +V2 +V3 =
The Current Divider Rule (CDR) states that the current through one of two parallel branches is equal to the
resistance of the other branch divided by the sum of the resistances of the two parallel branches and multiplied
by the total current entering the two parallel branches. That is,
𝐼𝑛 =
𝑅𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
𝐼𝑠
𝑅𝑛
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝑅𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(a)
(b)
21
(c)
Figure 2. Current divider
CALCULATION:
𝐼𝑠 =
𝑉𝑠
𝑅𝑇
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝐼1 =
𝑅(𝑅2//𝑅3)
𝐼
𝑅1 + 𝑅(𝑅2//𝑅3) 𝑠
𝐼2 =
𝑅3
(𝐼 − 𝐼1 )
𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑠
𝐼3 =
𝑅2
(𝐼 − 𝐼1 )
𝑅3 + 𝑅2 𝑠
PROCEDURE FOR CURRENT DIVISION (CDR):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. (2a).
Take VS = 6V, R1=5KΩ, R2=2.5KΩ and R3=2.5KΩ.
Using ohm’s law calculate the current 𝐼 through the circuit in figure 2 (a).
Practically verify this current using the digital multimeter as shown in figure 2(b)
Using the formula for the current divider calculate the current flowing through each resistor.
Write the calculated current in the table below in the column for calculated value.
Measure the current through the resistors R1, R2 & R3 using a digital multimeter in the DC current mode
as in figure 2 (c).
22
8. Write the value of the current through the resistors in the table below in the column for the observed
value.
9. Write the remark from the result obtained from the observed and calculated values.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Impressed / supply
voltage
(V)
𝑽𝑺 =
Calculated
Current
(mA)
𝑰𝒔 =
Observed
Current
(mA)
𝑰𝒔 =
Calculated Value Of
Current Through
Resistors (mA)
Observed Value Of
Current Through
Resistors (mA)
I1 =
I1 =
I2 =
I2 =
I3 =
I3 =
𝑰𝒔 = I1 +I2 +I3 =
𝑰𝒔 = I1 +I2 +I3
REMARKS:
VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
23
EE 250/251
LAB 5
BASIC ELECTRICAL
GRADE
ENGINEERING
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
SPRING 2015
LAW
LLAM
Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
Sr no.
1
DAY:
NAME OF STUDENT
TIME:
ID
SECTION
COURSE ID
OBJECTIVE:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) using mesh and nodal analysis of the
given circuit
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr. no
Name
1
Resistors
2
DC variable voltage supply
3
Digital Multimeter
4
Others
Range
Quantity
THEORY:
1. KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law “states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path (loop or
mesh) is zero”.
24
FIGURE 1.
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the first and the second loops in the circuit shown in Figure 1 yields the
equation below respectively
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉6 −𝑉𝑆 = 0
(LOOP “a b e f a”)
(1a)
𝑉3 + 𝑉4 + 𝑉5 − 𝑉2 = 0
(LOOP “b c d e b”)
(1b)
BREAD BOARD LAYOUT
FIGURE 2.
PROCEDURE: KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1 using the values below:
R1 = 1 KΩ
R2 = 2.2 KΩ
R3 = 1.8 KΩ
R4 = 1 KΩ
R5 = 1.5 KΩ
R6 = 2.7 KΩ
2. Set the Variable Power Supply (Vs) to 5 Volts.
3. Accurately measure all voltages in the circuit using the Digital Multi-Meter (DMM).
25
4. Record the measurements in the observation table containing the measured voltage values as shown below.
5. Verify the results theoretically and record the value in the observation in the column for calculated value.
6. Verify KVL for the loops in the circuit using equations ‘1a’ and ‘1b’.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Element voltage
Nodes
Element
Specified
value
Element
Voltage
+
−
R1
𝑉1
a
b
R2
𝑉2
b
e
R3
𝑉3
b
c
R4
𝑉4
c
d
R5
𝑉5
d
e
R6
𝑉6
e
f
Vs
𝑉𝑠
a
f
Measured
value (V)
Calculated
value of
voltage
(V)
LOOP VOLTAGE “a b e f a”
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉6 −𝑉𝑆 = 0
Calculated:
Measured:
LOOP VOLTAGE “b c d e b”
𝑉3 + 𝑉4 + 𝑉5 −𝑉2 = 0
Calculated:
Measured:
1. KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL):
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW “states that the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node is zero”.
Applying Kirchhoff’s current law to the nodes in the circuit shown in Figure 3 yields the following
equations;
26
FIGURE 3.
Node a: -Is + I1 = 0
(2a)
Node b: -I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
(2b)
Node c: -I3 + I4 = 0
(2c)
Node d: - I4 + I5 = 0
(2d)
Node e: - I5 - I2 + I6 = 0
(2e)
Node f: +Is – I6 = 0
(2f)
PROCEDURE: KIRCHOFF’S Current LAW (KCL)
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 3 using the values below:
R1 = 1 KΩ
R2 = 2.2 KΩ
R3 = 1.8 KΩ
R4 = 1 KΩ
R5 = 1.2 KΩ
R6 = 2.7 KΩ
2. Set the Variable Power Supply (Vs) to 5 Volts.
3. Accurately measure all current in each branch using the Digital Multi-Meter (DMM) as shown in figure 4.
4. Record the measurements in the observation table containing the total current into and total current out
of respectively.
5. Verify the results theoretically and experimentally and record the value in the observation in the column
27
for calculated and measured value.
6. Verify KCL for the nodes in the circuit using equations ‘2a’ through ‘2f’.
FIGURE 4.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Node
Total current
into (Iin) (A)
Calculated
Measured
Total current
out of (Iout) (A)
Calculated
Measured
a
b
c
d
e
f
28
KCL
(Iin – Iout) (A)
Calculated
Measured
REMARK:
1. KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW(KVL):
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….....
2. KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW(KCL):
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….....
29
EE 250/251
LAB 6
BASIC ELECTRICAL
GRADE
LLAM
THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREM
ENGINEERING
SPRING 2015
Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
Sr no.
1
DAY:
NAME OF STUDENT
TIME:
ID
SECTION
COURSE ID
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this laboratory session is to experimentally verify the Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr. no
Name
1
Resistors
2
DC variable voltage supply
3
Digital Multimeter
4
Others
Range
Quantity
THEORY:
Thévenin’s Theorem: It is a process by which a complex circuit is reduced to an equivalent series circuit consisting
of a single voltage source (VTH), a series resistance (RTH) .
OR
It states that for a linear electrical networks any combination of voltage sources , current sources and resistors
with two terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source (VTH), in series with a single series resistor
(RTH) .
30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Procedure:
Verifying the Thévenin’s theorem:
a) Construct the circuit of Figure 1 using the following component values:
b) Accurately measure the voltage VL across the load resistance.
c) Using the value of voltage and the resistance value calculate the current IL.
d) Record these reading in the table below.
To Find VTH:
a) Remove the load resistance RL and measure the open circuit voltage Voc across the terminals.
b) This is equal to VTH.
To Find RTH:
a) Remove the source voltage VS and replace it with a short circuit.
31
b)
Measure the resistance looking into the opening where RL was with an ohmmeter (DMM).
c) This gives RTH
d) After Obtaining VTH and RTH, construct the circuit of figure 2 using these values.
e) Measure the VL for this circuit and compare it to the VL obtained from circuit of figure 1.
f)
This verifies the Thévenin theorem.
Observation table:
RESISTOR
VALUES(KΩ)
MEASURED
VOLTAGE
ACROSS LOAD
VL (V)
CALCULATED
VALUE OF
CURRENT
THROUGH LOAD
IL (mA)
BEFORE
BEFORE
AFTER
AFTER
THEVENIN’S
VOLTAGE
VTH(V)
THEVENIN’S
RESISTANCE
RTH(Ω)
CALCULATED
CALCULATED
MEASURED
MEASURED
Theory:
Norton's Theorem
Any collection of batteries and resistances with two terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source
IN in parallel with a single resistor RN. The value of RN is the same as that in the Thevenin equivalent and the current
IN can be found by dividing the open circuit voltage by RN.
OR
For linear electrical networks, states that any collection of voltage sources,current sources, and resistors with two
terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source, IN , in parallel with a single resistor,RN.
PROCEDURE:
a. Use the circuit of figure 1 .
b. Connect the output of the power supply as shown and adjust the voltage to 10 V.
TO FIND IN OR ISC:
a. Remove the load resistor from terminal a and b.
32
b. Connect a digital ammeter across terminals a and b and record the current measured (IN).
c. this current is the Norton’s current “IN “ or the short circuit current “ISC”.
d. Calculate the theoretical value for short-circuit current across terminals a and b (IN) using hand calculations.
e. Record the results in the tabular column below.
TO FIND RN:
a) Remove the source voltage VS and replace it with a short circuit.
b)
Measure the resistance looking into the opening where RL was with an ohmmeter (DMM).
c) This gives RN
d) After Obtaining IN and RN, construct the circuit of figure 3 using these values.
FIGURE 3.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
CALCULATED NORTON’S
CURRENT
IN (mA)
CALCULATED NORTON’S
RESISTANCE
RN (Ω)
OBSERVED NORTON’S
CURRENT
IN (mA)
OBSERVED NORTON’S
RESISTANCE
RN(Ω)
REMARK:
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
33
NORTON’S THEOREM:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
34
EE 250/251
LAB 7
BASIC ELECTRICAL
GRADE
LLAM
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
ENGINEERING
SPRING 2015
Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
Sr no.
1
DAY:
NAME OF STUDENT
TIME:
ID
SECTION
COURSE ID
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this laboratory session is to experimentally verify the MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr. no
Name
1
Resistors
2
DC variable voltage supply
3
Digital Multimeter
4
Others
Range
Quantity
THEORY:
The maximum power transfer theorem states that a load resistance will abstract maximum power from the
network when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance.
For maximum power transfer Load resistance
RL=Rin
35
,Where Rin internal resistance of the circuit.
IL = V / (Rin + RL)
= V / (Rin + RL)
= V / 2 RL
Where,
Pmax = IL2 RL
Maximum power,
Pmax = V2 / 4RL
Where V is the dc supply voltage.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIGURE 1.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the Fig.1
2. Adjust the DC supply voltage to 20 V.
3. Vary the load resistance RL from 1KΩ ohm to 10kΩs.
36
4. Note the load current corresponding to each value of load resistance.
5. Calculate the power and verify the load resistance at which the power will be maximum.
OBSERVATION:
S.NO
LOAD RESISTANCE
LOAD CURRENT
Power dissipated at the load
Power dissipated at the
RL (Ω)
IL (mA)
PL (mW)
internal resistor Rin
Pin (mW)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
REMARK:
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
37
EE 250/251
LAB 8
BASIC ELECTRICAL
GRADE
LLAM
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
ENGINEERING
SPRING 2015
Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
Sr no.
1
DAY:
NAME OF STUDENT
TIME:
ID
SECTION
COURSE ID
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this laboratory session is to apply and verify the superposition theorem to linear circuits.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr. no
Name
1
Resistors
2
DC variable voltage supply
3
Digital Multimeter
4
Others
Range
Quantity
THEORY:
Superposition Theorem: The voltage and current responses in a network from two or more sources acting
simultaneously can be obtained as the sum of the responses from each source acting alone with other sources
deactivated. A deactivated current source is an open circuit. A deactivated voltage source is a short circuit.
38
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIGURE 1.
THE SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
A : MEASUREMENT OF CURRENTS AND VOLTAGE IN CIRCUIT WITH TWO SOURCES
1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1.
2. Switch on the power supplies. Adjust the voltage of the power supplies to the required values.
3. Use the ammeter to measure the currents, I1 and I2. Record the values in Table 1.
(Note: Ammeter must be placed in series with the branch to be measured.)
4. Use the voltmeter to measure the voltage V3 . Record the value in Table 1.
B : APPLYING THE SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
1. Use the same circuit as in Figure 1. Switch off the power supplies and remove the 15 V voltage source.
2. The 10 V, voltage source is made ACTIVE by replacing the 15 V voltage source with a jumper between the
points labeled C and D, as shown in Figure 2.
39
Figure 2.
3. Switch on the 10 V voltage source.
4. Use the ammeter to measure the currents, I1(SI) and I2(SI). Record the values in Table 2.
5. Use the voltmeter to measure the voltage VS(SI). Record the value in Table 2.
6. Switch off the power supply.
7. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 3. The 15 V voltage source is made ACTIVE by replacing the 10 V voltage
source with a jumper between the points labeled A and B.
Figure 3.
8. Switch on the 15 V, voltage source.
9. Use the ammeter to measure the currents, I1(S2) and I2(S2) Record the values in Table 3.
10. Use the voltmeter to measure the voltage V3(S2). Record the value in Table 3.
40
11. Calculate the algebraic sum of currents I1, I2 and voltage V3 in Table 2.
Note:
Pay attention the direction of the currents. Current in the same directions are added and currents in the opposite
directions arc subtracted.
OBSERVATION TABLE 1:
Value
Measured value
𝑰𝟏 (𝒎𝑨)
𝑰𝟐 (𝒎𝑨)
𝑽𝟑 (𝑽)
OBSERVATION TABLE 2:
REMARK:
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
41