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productive ages
Where are you ?
I just learned how to talk!
Thanks, I have been already wellexperienced
Grammar Fun Result (75 students)
Need improvement
16
14
and practise !
Self-study
• via on line resources in
the internet
• libraries (TOEFL books
or similar) :
• public library
• UGM
Group
• english grammar group
test  small gift
Number of students
Practise !
mean = 38.8
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 75 80 85
Score (max 100)
• Input – accessing the literature (magazines,
books, journal articles, synthesis procedures,
characterization terms, manual procedure )
• Output – publication & dissemination
• Cooperation – research partners
• Internationalisation
– mobility of staff
– mobility of students
• English-medium programmes
Why English for Academic
Purposes (EAP) is needed
Academic Genres
SCALE 11: ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL GENRES
LISTENING & SPEAKING
READING & WRITING
Introduction to place of work, office, Warning labels/safety instructions
laboratory, production unit, machines, Notices, memoranda, internal
etc
messages
Introduction to own job,
responsibilities, working conditions,
etc
Description and explanation of
equipment, processes, etc
Warnings, e.g. safety precautions
Instructions, e.g. operating
instructions
Professional telephone conversations
(professional-professional)
Advertisements (e.g. job
advertisements)
Operating instructions
Product/service descriptions, design
specifications
Manuals (e.g. operating manuals)
Price lists and catalogues
Initiative letters (to professionals/nonprofessionals)
English Grammar
A Review of the Essentials
Parts of Speech
• Nouns: words that name persons, places, things, or
ideas
• Pronouns: words that stand in for a noun
• Verbs: words that express action or state of being
• Adjectives: words that describe nouns or pronouns
• Adverbs: words that describe verbs
• Prepositions: words that connect a noun and its
modifiers to another component of the sentence
• Conjunctions: words that join nouns, verbs, or other
parts of a sentence
• Interjections: words that express emotion, shock, and the
like.
Parts of speech
• Nouns
1.
2.
3.
4.
Definition
Proper / common
Singular / plural (annex)
Count / non-count
/abstract (annex)
(how much –how many)
5. Collectible (group nouns)
6. Units of measurement
(Reference: Schramper Azar,
Betty,1996. Basic English Grammar)
(Nouns)
Definition
(proper and common nouns)
• Nouns – words used to name a
person, place, thing, object,
quality, idea, concept, or an
action.
a country
Puerto Rico
A person
Carlos
Ryder
Hospital
Ref. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2001)
• Proper Nouns- special or
particular name given to
common nouns to distinguish
them from others of the same
kind.
Example: common- woman
proper
Martha
a pet
Puppy
a place
Proper
Nouns
many
others
a day
Monday
a monument
The Statue of
Liberty
Proper and common nouns
COMMON
PROPER
COMMON
PROPER
day
Saturday
associations
Members Club
month
October
movies
Titanic
mountain
El Nino
planets
Neptune
river
The Amazon
city
San Juan
ocean
Pacific Ocean
historical periods
Middle Ages
book
Applied
Chemistry
language
Spanish
newspaper
New York Times
nationality
Puerto Rican
religion
Catholic
School course
English 101
brand of product
Cadillac
institutions
University of
Puerto Rico
Nouns (singular and plural)
• Rule No. 1 (Add –s to the end of noun)
cup
student
cups
students
• Rule No.2 consonants before “y”
city -cities
change –y to i and add –es
party- parties lady-ladies
• Rule No.3 vowels before “y”
add –s
boy –boys
key –keys
day -days
Singular and plural (cont.)
• Rule No. 4 (–f and –fe endings)
change the –f or –fe to v and –es
life –lives wife –wives thief –thieves
• Rule No. 5 (sh, ch, x, ss endings) add –es
bush –bushes
match –matches
box
-boxes
kiss
-kisses
• Rule No. 6 (consonant + o) add –es (vowel +o) –s
tomato –tomatoes
radio radios
Practice Exercises
Use the plural form to fill in the blanks. (provided list)
Baby
Boy
City
Country
Lady
Party
Tray
Key
Dictionary
cowboy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
They have one girl and two ______.
I visited many _______ last year.
Women give birth to _______.
She lost the _____ of the car and the house!
_____ rides horses in Texas.
Madrid and Paris are beautiful _______.
We must bring ______ to the English class.
Good evening _____ and gentleman.
On Saturday nights, I like to go to _______.
People carry their food on _____ at the
cafeteria.
Pronunciation of plurals (s / es)
• Group A Final –s is pronounced /z/ after voiced sounds
(taxicabs, beds, dogs, balls, years, days, boys, trees, etc.)
• Group B Final –s is pronounced /s/ after voiceless sounds
(books, cups, groups, cats, students, desks, etc.)
• Group C Final –s, es is pronounced /ez/
after “s” sounds (classes, horses, boxes, faces)
after “z” sounds (sizes, roses, noises)
after “sh” sounds (dishes, bushes)
after “ch” sounds (matches, sandwiches)
after “ge/dge” sounds (pages, ages, bridges, edges)
Irregular plural forms
(exceptions)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Child
children
Foot
feet
Man
men
Woman women
Mouse
mice
Tooth
teeth
Fish
fish
_____
people
(is always plural) (no s)
Count and noncount nouns
• Count nouns
a book
one book
books
two books
some books
a lot of books
many books
a few books
• Non-count nouns
money
some money
a lot of money
much money
a little money
• Common non-count nouns
advice, furniture, love, peace,
homework, luck information,
food, mail, music, traffic,
weather, work, bread, cheese,
coffee, rice, sand, meat, milk,
water, sugar, money, oil,
liquids
abstracts
food
gases
materials (paper)
general
Oral Practice
(count vs. non-count)
Chair
Traffic
Music
Work
Furniture
Cars
Coffee
Water
Coin
Fact
Library
Jewelry
Money
Information Peace
Rings
Letters
Homework
Justice
mail
assignment job
Advice
sugar
Pronouns
• Definition
• Personal pronouns
(subject-object)
• Possessive adjectives
• Possessive pronouns
• Reflexive
• Indefinite
• Interrogative
• Demonstrative
• Relative
• reciprocal
Verbs (verb tenses /conjugation)
•
•
•
•
•
Definition
Regular
Irregular verbs
Spelling / pronunciation
Conjugation
• Auxiliary verbs/ modals
• Infinitives
• Gerunds
Verbs
Regular/ Irregular/ verb tenses
Regular verbs (d or ed endings)
/d/ sound pronunciation
/t/ sound pronunciation
/ed/ pronunciation
Verb conjugation
• Simple present tense
I
Work
You
Work
He, she, it
Works
We
Work
You
Work
they
work
Verb tenses
• Simple past
I
Worked
You
Worked
He, she, it
Worked
We
Worked
You
Worked
they
worked
Verb tenses
• Simple future
I
will work
• Another way to express
the simple future
You
will work
He, she, it
will work
We
will work
You
will work
they
will work
I am going to work
tomorrow.
She is going to work next
week.
They are going to work on
Sunday.
Present progressive
I
am working right now.
You
are working.
He, she, it
is working.
We
are working.
You
are working.
They
are working.
Past progressive (continuous)
I
was working last night.
You
were working yesterday.
He, she, it
was working last summer.
We
were working a few hours ago.
You
were working last week.
They
were working last Monday.
Future progressive (continuous)
I
will be working tomorrow.
You
will be working this afternoon.
He, she, it will be working next weekend.
We
will be working tonight.
You
will be working next summer.
They
will be working next semester.
Adjectives
• Definition
• Articles as adjectives
• Order of adjectives in a series (color, size, origin,
nationalities, shape, age, etc..)
• Past participles / gerunds used as adjectives
• Comparatives and superlatives comparisons
What is an adjective?
Adjective is a word which describes a noun
adjectives
noun
big
fast
expensive
car
Gerunds (Participles acting as
Nouns)
• The gerund looks like the present
participle in form: creating, seeing, healing
• As a gerund, however, the word acts as a
simple noun, naming the particular action.
“To me, living is Science”
“Living”  fulfilling the role of nouns as subjects
of the verb “is.”
Comparative-Superlative
expresses the idea of ‘more’ - ‘most’
comparative
superlative
long
longer
longest
funny
funniest
funniest
modern more modern most modern
good
better
best
Articles
• Indefinite Articles
– a, an, some, or no article
– Refers to general or nonspecific nouns
• Definite Articles
– the – for both singular and plural
– Refers to a specific noun
– Can also be used for formality or collective nouns
• No Article
– Occurs with nonspecific, non-count, or mass or plural
nouns – nouns that have no specific quantity
– Ex. Milk, cheese
Articles Questionnaire
In each of the sentences below, you will see a blank. Please choose one of the following
articles for each sentence – a, an, the or leave it blank.
1. My father’s car is considered to be ______ piece of art.
2. _______ (B/b)eauty is fleeting.
3. _______ (A/a)ir in the room was stifling.
4. The doctor told me that I needed ______ operation tomorrow.
5. ______ (I/i)nformation I received was extremely important.
6. ______ (A/a)ir is made up of millions of atoms.
7. My parents could not believe that their dog had peed on ______ carpet.
8. ______ (A/a)pple a day keeps the doctor away.
9. In some cultures ______ dogs are considered man’s best friend.
10. My sister decided to cut her hair with ______ scissors.
11. I was bitten by _______ mosquito in the Caribbean.
12. When the horn honked, it scared me and I dropped ______ glass on the floor.
13. In ancient Egypt _______ cat was considered sacred.
14. Is _______ water in Lake Erie safe to drink?
Which sentences above gave you the most difficulty in deciding on an answer?
Why?
Parts of a Sentence
• Every sentence has a subject and a
predicate.
– The subject is the noun or the pronoun that
the sentence says something about;
– The predicate is what is said about that noun
or pronoun, i.e., what that noun does or what
that noun is.
– Predicates can be split up; subjects do not
always come first.
Subjects and Predicates
• Sentences starting with “there” or “it”: these
words are often used as a kind of “place marker”
for the real subject of a sentence.
“There will be earthquakes in various places
• Grammatically speaking, the sentence is: “Earthquakes will
be [=will occur] in various places;
• The grammatical subjects is “earthquakes” not “there”