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Do you still need grammar lesson ? productive ages Where are you ? I just learned how to talk! Thanks, I have been already wellexperienced Grammar Fun Result (75 students) Need improvement 16 14 and practise ! Self-study • via on line resources in the internet • libraries (TOEFL books or similar) : • public library • UGM Group • english grammar group test small gift Number of students Practise ! mean = 38.8 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 75 80 85 Score (max 100) • Input – accessing the literature (magazines, books, journal articles, synthesis procedures, characterization terms, manual procedure ) • Output – publication & dissemination • Cooperation – research partners • Internationalisation – mobility of staff – mobility of students • English-medium programmes Why English for Academic Purposes (EAP) is needed Academic Genres SCALE 11: ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL GENRES LISTENING & SPEAKING READING & WRITING Introduction to place of work, office, Warning labels/safety instructions laboratory, production unit, machines, Notices, memoranda, internal etc messages Introduction to own job, responsibilities, working conditions, etc Description and explanation of equipment, processes, etc Warnings, e.g. safety precautions Instructions, e.g. operating instructions Professional telephone conversations (professional-professional) Advertisements (e.g. job advertisements) Operating instructions Product/service descriptions, design specifications Manuals (e.g. operating manuals) Price lists and catalogues Initiative letters (to professionals/nonprofessionals) English Grammar A Review of the Essentials Parts of Speech • Nouns: words that name persons, places, things, or ideas • Pronouns: words that stand in for a noun • Verbs: words that express action or state of being • Adjectives: words that describe nouns or pronouns • Adverbs: words that describe verbs • Prepositions: words that connect a noun and its modifiers to another component of the sentence • Conjunctions: words that join nouns, verbs, or other parts of a sentence • Interjections: words that express emotion, shock, and the like. Parts of speech • Nouns 1. 2. 3. 4. Definition Proper / common Singular / plural (annex) Count / non-count /abstract (annex) (how much –how many) 5. Collectible (group nouns) 6. Units of measurement (Reference: Schramper Azar, Betty,1996. Basic English Grammar) (Nouns) Definition (proper and common nouns) • Nouns – words used to name a person, place, thing, object, quality, idea, concept, or an action. a country Puerto Rico A person Carlos Ryder Hospital Ref. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2001) • Proper Nouns- special or particular name given to common nouns to distinguish them from others of the same kind. Example: common- woman proper Martha a pet Puppy a place Proper Nouns many others a day Monday a monument The Statue of Liberty Proper and common nouns COMMON PROPER COMMON PROPER day Saturday associations Members Club month October movies Titanic mountain El Nino planets Neptune river The Amazon city San Juan ocean Pacific Ocean historical periods Middle Ages book Applied Chemistry language Spanish newspaper New York Times nationality Puerto Rican religion Catholic School course English 101 brand of product Cadillac institutions University of Puerto Rico Nouns (singular and plural) • Rule No. 1 (Add –s to the end of noun) cup student cups students • Rule No.2 consonants before “y” city -cities change –y to i and add –es party- parties lady-ladies • Rule No.3 vowels before “y” add –s boy –boys key –keys day -days Singular and plural (cont.) • Rule No. 4 (–f and –fe endings) change the –f or –fe to v and –es life –lives wife –wives thief –thieves • Rule No. 5 (sh, ch, x, ss endings) add –es bush –bushes match –matches box -boxes kiss -kisses • Rule No. 6 (consonant + o) add –es (vowel +o) –s tomato –tomatoes radio radios Practice Exercises Use the plural form to fill in the blanks. (provided list) Baby Boy City Country Lady Party Tray Key Dictionary cowboy • • • • • • • • • • They have one girl and two ______. I visited many _______ last year. Women give birth to _______. She lost the _____ of the car and the house! _____ rides horses in Texas. Madrid and Paris are beautiful _______. We must bring ______ to the English class. Good evening _____ and gentleman. On Saturday nights, I like to go to _______. People carry their food on _____ at the cafeteria. Pronunciation of plurals (s / es) • Group A Final –s is pronounced /z/ after voiced sounds (taxicabs, beds, dogs, balls, years, days, boys, trees, etc.) • Group B Final –s is pronounced /s/ after voiceless sounds (books, cups, groups, cats, students, desks, etc.) • Group C Final –s, es is pronounced /ez/ after “s” sounds (classes, horses, boxes, faces) after “z” sounds (sizes, roses, noises) after “sh” sounds (dishes, bushes) after “ch” sounds (matches, sandwiches) after “ge/dge” sounds (pages, ages, bridges, edges) Irregular plural forms (exceptions) • • • • • • • • Child children Foot feet Man men Woman women Mouse mice Tooth teeth Fish fish _____ people (is always plural) (no s) Count and noncount nouns • Count nouns a book one book books two books some books a lot of books many books a few books • Non-count nouns money some money a lot of money much money a little money • Common non-count nouns advice, furniture, love, peace, homework, luck information, food, mail, music, traffic, weather, work, bread, cheese, coffee, rice, sand, meat, milk, water, sugar, money, oil, liquids abstracts food gases materials (paper) general Oral Practice (count vs. non-count) Chair Traffic Music Work Furniture Cars Coffee Water Coin Fact Library Jewelry Money Information Peace Rings Letters Homework Justice mail assignment job Advice sugar Pronouns • Definition • Personal pronouns (subject-object) • Possessive adjectives • Possessive pronouns • Reflexive • Indefinite • Interrogative • Demonstrative • Relative • reciprocal Verbs (verb tenses /conjugation) • • • • • Definition Regular Irregular verbs Spelling / pronunciation Conjugation • Auxiliary verbs/ modals • Infinitives • Gerunds Verbs Regular/ Irregular/ verb tenses Regular verbs (d or ed endings) /d/ sound pronunciation /t/ sound pronunciation /ed/ pronunciation Verb conjugation • Simple present tense I Work You Work He, she, it Works We Work You Work they work Verb tenses • Simple past I Worked You Worked He, she, it Worked We Worked You Worked they worked Verb tenses • Simple future I will work • Another way to express the simple future You will work He, she, it will work We will work You will work they will work I am going to work tomorrow. She is going to work next week. They are going to work on Sunday. Present progressive I am working right now. You are working. He, she, it is working. We are working. You are working. They are working. Past progressive (continuous) I was working last night. You were working yesterday. He, she, it was working last summer. We were working a few hours ago. You were working last week. They were working last Monday. Future progressive (continuous) I will be working tomorrow. You will be working this afternoon. He, she, it will be working next weekend. We will be working tonight. You will be working next summer. They will be working next semester. Adjectives • Definition • Articles as adjectives • Order of adjectives in a series (color, size, origin, nationalities, shape, age, etc..) • Past participles / gerunds used as adjectives • Comparatives and superlatives comparisons What is an adjective? Adjective is a word which describes a noun adjectives noun big fast expensive car Gerunds (Participles acting as Nouns) • The gerund looks like the present participle in form: creating, seeing, healing • As a gerund, however, the word acts as a simple noun, naming the particular action. “To me, living is Science” “Living” fulfilling the role of nouns as subjects of the verb “is.” Comparative-Superlative expresses the idea of ‘more’ - ‘most’ comparative superlative long longer longest funny funniest funniest modern more modern most modern good better best Articles • Indefinite Articles – a, an, some, or no article – Refers to general or nonspecific nouns • Definite Articles – the – for both singular and plural – Refers to a specific noun – Can also be used for formality or collective nouns • No Article – Occurs with nonspecific, non-count, or mass or plural nouns – nouns that have no specific quantity – Ex. Milk, cheese Articles Questionnaire In each of the sentences below, you will see a blank. Please choose one of the following articles for each sentence – a, an, the or leave it blank. 1. My father’s car is considered to be ______ piece of art. 2. _______ (B/b)eauty is fleeting. 3. _______ (A/a)ir in the room was stifling. 4. The doctor told me that I needed ______ operation tomorrow. 5. ______ (I/i)nformation I received was extremely important. 6. ______ (A/a)ir is made up of millions of atoms. 7. My parents could not believe that their dog had peed on ______ carpet. 8. ______ (A/a)pple a day keeps the doctor away. 9. In some cultures ______ dogs are considered man’s best friend. 10. My sister decided to cut her hair with ______ scissors. 11. I was bitten by _______ mosquito in the Caribbean. 12. When the horn honked, it scared me and I dropped ______ glass on the floor. 13. In ancient Egypt _______ cat was considered sacred. 14. Is _______ water in Lake Erie safe to drink? Which sentences above gave you the most difficulty in deciding on an answer? Why? Parts of a Sentence • Every sentence has a subject and a predicate. – The subject is the noun or the pronoun that the sentence says something about; – The predicate is what is said about that noun or pronoun, i.e., what that noun does or what that noun is. – Predicates can be split up; subjects do not always come first. Subjects and Predicates • Sentences starting with “there” or “it”: these words are often used as a kind of “place marker” for the real subject of a sentence. “There will be earthquakes in various places • Grammatically speaking, the sentence is: “Earthquakes will be [=will occur] in various places; • The grammatical subjects is “earthquakes” not “there”