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Chapter 19:
The Skeleton
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter Objectives
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Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
Formation of bone tissue.
The structure of a long bone.
Suture, symphysis and synovial joint.
Roots pertaining to the skeleton.
Main disorders that affect the skeleton and joints.
Common methods to diagnose & treat disorders of the skeleton.
Abbreviations used in relation to the skeleton.
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function
acetabulum
The bony socket in the hip bone that holds the head of the femur
(from the Latin word for vinegar because it resembles the base of
a vinegar cruet)
articulation
A joint (adjective: articular)
atlas
The first cervical vertebra (root: atlant/o)
axis
The second cervical vertebra
bone
A calcified form of dense connective tissue; osseous tissue; also
an individual unit of the skeleton made of such tissue (root: oste/o)
bone marrow
The soft material that fills the cavities of bones. Yellow marrow fills
the central cavity of the long bones; blood cells are formed in red
bone marrow, which is located in spongy bone tissue (root:
myel/o)
bursa
A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction near a joint (root: burs/o)
cartilage
A type of dense connective tissue that is found in the skeleton,
larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It is the precursor to most bone
tissue (root: chondr/o)
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
diarthrosis
A freely movable joint; also called a synovial join; adjective:
diarthrotic
diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone
epiphyseal plate
The growth region of a long bone; located in the metaphysis,
between the diaphysis and epiphysis. When bone growth ceases,
this area appears as the epiphyseal line
epiphysis
The irregularly shaped end of a long bone
ilium
The large, flared, superior portion of the pelvic bone; adjective: iliac;
(root: ili/o)
joint
The junction between two bones; articulation (root: arthr/o)
ligament
A strong band of connective tissue that joins one bone to another
metaphysis
The region of a long bone between the diaphysis (shaft) and
epiphysis (end); during development, the growing region of a long
bone
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
ossification
The formation of bone tissue (from Latin os, meaning “bone”)
osteoblast
A cell that produces bone tissue
osteoclast
A cell that destroys bone tissue
osteocyte
A mature bone cell that nourishes and maintains bone tissue
pelvis
The large ring of bone at the inferior trunk. Formed of the two hip
bones (os coxae) joined to the sacrum and coccyx (plural: pelves).
Each os coxae is formed of three bones, the superior, flared ilium
(IL-ē-um), ischium (IS-kē-um), and pubis (PŪ-bis).
periosteum
The fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone
resorption
Removal of bone by breakdown and absorption into the circulation
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
skeleton
The bony framework of the body, consisting of 206 bones. The axial
portion (80 bones) is composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and
sternum. The appendicular skeleton (126 bones) contains the bones
of the arms and legs, shoulder girdle, and pelvis.
suture
An immovable joint, such as the joints between the skull bones
symphysis
A slightly movable joint
synovial fluids
The fluid contained in a freely movable (diarthrotic) joint; synovia
(root: synov/i)
synovial joint
A freely movable joint; has a joint cavity containing synovial fluid; a
diarthrosis
tendon
A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
thorax
The upper part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen;
formed by the 12 pairs of ribs and sternum
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Key Terms
Disorders
ankylosing
spondylitis
A chronic, progressive inflammatory disease involving the joints of
the spine and surrounding soft tissue, most common in young males;
also called rheumatoid spondylitis
ankylosis
Immobility and fixation of a joint
arthritis
Inflammation of a joint
chondrosarcoma
A malignant tumor of cartilage
curvature of the
spine
An exaggerated spinal curve, such as scoliosis, lordosis, or kyphosis
degenerative joint
disease (DJD)
Osteoarthritis
fracture
A break in a bone. In a closed or simple fracture, the broken bone
does not penetrate the skin; in an open fracture, there is an
accompanying wound in the skin
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
gout
A form of acute arthritis, usually beginning in the knee or foot,
caused by deposit of uric acid salts in the joints
herniated disk
Protrusion of the center (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disk
into the spinal canal; ruptured or “slipped” disk
kyphosis
An exaggerated curve of the spine in the thoracic region;
hunchback, humpback
lordosis
An exaggerated curve of the spine in the lumbar region; swayback
osteoarthritis (OA)
Progressive deterioration of joint cartilage with growth of new bone
and soft tissue in and around the joint; the most common form of
arthritis; results from wear and tear, injury, or disease; also called
degenerative joint disease (DJD)
osteogenic sarcoma
A malignant bone tumor; osteosarcoma
osteomalacia
A softening and weakening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency
or other disease
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by infection, usually
bacterial
osteopenia
A lower-than-average bone density, which may foreshadow
osteoporosis
osteoporosis
A condition characterized by reduction in bone density, most
common in white women past menopause; predisposing factors
include poor diet, inactivity, and low estrogen levels
Paget disease
Skeletal disease of the elderly characterized by bone thickening and
distortion with bowing of long bones; osteitis deformans
Pott disease
Inflammation of the vertebrae, usually caused by tuberculosis
rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic autoimmune disease of unknown origin resulting in
inflammation of peripheral joints and related structures; more
common in women than in men
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
rheumatoid factor
A group of antibodies found in the blood in cases of rheumatoid
arthritis and other systemic diseases
rickets
Faulty bone formation in children, usually caused by a deficiency of
vitamin D
sciatica
Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, usually
related to spinal nerve root irritation
scoliosis
A sideways curvature of the spine in any region
spondylolisthesis
A forward displacement of one vertebra over another (-listhesis
means “a slipping”)
spondylolysis
Degeneration of the articulating portions of a vertebra allowing for
spinal distortion, specifically in the lumbar region
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Key Terms
Treatment
alkaline phosphatase
An enzyme needed in the formation of bone; serum activity of this
enzyme is useful in diagnosis
arthrocentesis
Aspiration of fluid from a joint by needle puncture
arthrodesis
Surgical immobilization (fusion) of a joint; artificial ankylosis
arthroplasty
Partial or total replacement of a joint with a prosthesis
arthroscopy
Use of an endoscope to examine the interior of a joint or to perform
surgery on the joint; the instrument used is an arthroscope
diskectomy
Surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disk; also spelled
discectomy
orthopedics
The study and treatment of disorders of the skeleton, muscles, and
associated structures; literally “straight” (ortho) “child” (ped); also
spelled orthopaedics
reduction of a
fracture
Return of a fractured bone to a normal position; may be closed (not
requiring surgery) or open (requiring surgery)
traction
The process of drawing or pulling, such as traction of the head in the
treatment of injuries to the cervical vertebrae
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Key Terms
Drugs
antiinflammatory agent
Drug that reduces inflammation; includes steroids, such as
cortisone, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
bisphosphonate
Agent used to prevent and treat osteoporosis; increases bone
mass by decreasing bone turnover. Examples are alendronate
(Fosamax) and risedronate (Actonel)
nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drug
(NSAID)
Drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid; examples
include aspirin and ibuprofen and other inhibitors of
prostaglandins, naturally produced substances that promote
inflammation
selective estrogen
receptor modulator
(SERM)
Drug that acts on estrogen receptors. Raloxifene (Avista) is
used to prevent bone loss after menopause. Other SERMs are
used to prevent and treat estrogen-sensitive breast cancer
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Supplementary Terms
Normal Structure and Function
annulus fibrosus
The outer ringlike portion of an intervertebral disk
calvaria
The domelike upper portion of the skull
coxa
Hip
cruciate ligaments
Ligaments that cross in the knee joint to connect the tibia and
fibula. They are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Cruciate means “shaped like a
cross”
genu
The knee
glenoid cavity
The bony socket in the scapula that articulates with the head of the
humerus
hallux
The great toe
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Supplementary Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
malleolus
The projection of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle
meniscus
Crescent-shaped disk of cartilage found in certain joints, such as
the knee joint. In the knee, the medial meniscus and the lateral
meniscus separate the tibia and femur. (plural: menisci (me-NISkī); meniscus means “crescent”)
olecranon
The process of the ulna that forms the elbow
os
Bone (plural: ossa)
osseous
Pertaining to bone
symphysis pubis
The anterior pelvic joint, formed by the union of the two pubic
bones; also called pubic symphysis
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions
achondroplasia
Decreased growth of cartilage in the growth plate of long bones
resulting in dwarfism; a genetic disorder
Baker cyst
Mass formed at the knee joint by distention of a bursa with excess
synovial fluid resulting from chronic irritation
bunion
Inflammation and enlargement of the metatarsal joint of the great
toe, usually with displacement of the great toe toward the other
toes
bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa, a small fluid-filled sac near a joint;
causes include injury, irritation, and joint disease; the shoulder,
hip, elbow, and knee are common sites
carpal tunnel syndrome Numbness and weakness of the hand caused by pressure on the
median nerve as it passes through a tunnel formed by carpal
bones
chondroma
A benign tumor of cartilage
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
Ewing tumor
A bone tumor that usually appears in children 5 to 15 years of
age. It begins in the shaft of a bone and spreads readily to other
bones. It may respond to radiation therapy, but then returns. Also
called Ewing sarcoma
exostosis
A bony outgrowth from the surface of a bone
giant cell tumor
A bone tumor that usually appears in children and young adults.
The ends of the bones are destroyed, commonly at the knee, by
a large mass that does not metastasize
hammertoe
Change in position of the toe joints so that the toe takes on a
claw-like appearance and the first joint protrudes upward,
causing irritation and pain on walking
hallux valgus
Painful condition involving lateral displacement of the great toe
at the metatarsal joint. There is also enlargement of the
metatarsal head and bunion formation
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
Heberden nodes
Small, hard nodules formed in the cartilage of the distal joints of the
fingers in osteoarthritis
hemarthrosis
Bleeding into a joint cavity
Legg–Calvé–Perthes
disease
Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the proximal growth center of the
femur. The bone is eventually restored, but there may be deformity
and weakness. Most common in young boys. Also called coxa plana
multiple myeloma
A cancer of blood-forming cells in bone marrow (see Chapter 10)
neurogenic
arthropathy
Degenerative disease of joints caused by impaired nervous
stimulation; most common cause is diabetes mellitus; Charcot
arthropathy
Osgood-Schlatter
disease
Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the proximal growth center of the
tibia causing pain and tendinitis at the knee
osteochondroma
A benign tumor consisting of cartilage and bone
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
osteochondrosis
Disease of a bone's growth center in children; degeneration of the
tissue is followed by recalcification
osteodystrophy
Abnormal bone development
osteogenesis
imperfecta (OI)
A hereditary disease resulting in the formation of brittle bones that
fracture easily. There is faulty synthesis of collagen, the main
structural protein in connective tissue.
osteoma
A benign bone tumor that usually remains small and localized
Reiter syndrome
Chronic polyarthritis that usually affects young men; occurs after a
bacterial infection and is common in those infected with HIV; may
also involve the eyes and genitourinary tract
spondylosis
Degeneration and ankylosis of the vertebrae resulting in pressure
on the spinal cord and nerve roots; often applied to any
degenerative lesion of the spine
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
sprain
Trauma to a joint involving the ligaments
subluxation
A partial dislocation
talipes
A deformity of the foot, especially one occurring congenitally;
clubfoot
valgus
Bent outward
varus
Bent inward
von Recklinghausen
disease
Loss of bone tissue caused by increased parathyroid hormone;
bones become decalcified and deformed, and fracture easily
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Supplementary Terms
Diagnosis and Treatment
allograft
Graft of tissue between individuals of the same species but
different genetic makeup; homograft, allogenic graft (see
autograft)
arthroclasia
Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement
aspiration
Removal by suction, as removal of fluid from a body cavity; also
inhalation, such as accidental inhalation of material into the
respiratory tract
autograft
Graft of tissue taken from a site on or in the body of the person
receiving the graft; autologous graft (see allograft)
calcitonin
A hormone from the thyroid gland that decreases resorption (loss)
of bone tissue; used in the treatment of Paget disease and
osteoporosis; also called thyrocalcitonin
chondroitin
A complex polysaccharide found in connective tissue; used as a
dietary supplement, usually with glucosamine, for treatment of joint
pain
glucosamine
A dietary supplement used in the treatment of joint pain
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Supplementary Terms
Diagnosis and Treatment (cont’d)
goniometer
A device used to measure joint angles and movements (root goni/o
means “angle”)
iontophoresis
Introduction into the tissue by means of electric current, using the
ions of a given drug; used in the treatment of musculoskeletal
disorders
laminectomy
Excision of the posterior arch (lamina) of a vertebra
meniscectomy
Removal of the crescent-shaped cartilage (meniscus) of the knee
joint
myelogram
Radiograph of the spinal canal after injection of a radiopaque dye;
used to evaluate a herniated disk
osteoplasty
Scraping and removal of damaged bone from a joint
prosthesis
An artificial organ or part, such as an artificial limb
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Abbreviations
ACL
Anterior cruciate ligament
AE
Above the elbow
AK
Above the knee
ASF
Anterior spinal fusion
BE
Below the elbow
BK
Below the knee
BMD
Bone mineral density
C
Cervical vertebra; numbered C1 to C7
Co
Coccyx; coccygeal
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
DEXA
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (scan)
DIP
Distal interphalangeal (joint)
DJD
Degenerative joint disease
Fx
Fracture
HNP
Herniated nucleus pulposus
IM
Intramedullary
L
Lumbar vertebra; numbered L1 to L5
MCP
Metacarpophalangeal (joint)
MTP
Metatarsophalangeal (joint)
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
NSAID(s)
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug(s)
OA
Osteoarthritis
OI
Osteogenesis imperfecta
ORIF
Open reduction internal fixation
ortho, ORTH
Orthopedics
PCL
Posterior cruciate ligament
PIP
Proximal interphalangeal (joint)
PSF
Posterior spinal fusion
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
RA
Rheumatoid arthritis
S
Sacrum; sacral
SERM
Selective estrogen receptor modulator
T
Thoracic vertebra; numbered T1 to T12
THA
Total hip arthroplasty
TKA
Total knee arthroplasty
TMJ
Temporomandibular joint
Tx
Traction
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The Skeletal System
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Skull
Shoulder girdle
Spinal column
Arms
Thorax
Hands
Pelvic girdle
Legs
Feet
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Axial Skeleton
• Consists of:
– Skull
• Cranial bones (8)
• Facial bones (14)
– Spinal column
• Cervical vertebrae (7)
• Thoracic vertebrae (12)
• Lumbar vertebrae (5)
• Sacrum vertebrae (5 fused into 1)
• Coccyx vertebrae (4 or 5 fused into 1)
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Axial Skeleton (cont’d)
– Thorax
• Ribs (12 pair)
• True ribs (pairs 1-7)
• False ribs (pairs 8-12)
• Floating ribs (pairs 11 & 12)
• Sternum
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Appendicular Skeleton
• Attached to axial skeleton
• Consists of:
– Shoulder girdle
• Clavicle
• Scapula
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Appendicular Skeleton (cont’d)
– Arm bones
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
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Appendicular Skeleton (cont’d)
– Pelvis
• 2 pelvic bones
• Formed of 3 fused bones
 Ilium
 Ischium
 pubis
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Appendicular Skeleton (cont’d)
– Leg bones
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
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Skeleton Illustrated
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Skull
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Vertebral Column
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Pelvic Bones
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Roots for the Skeleton
Root
crani/o
Meaning
skull, cranium
Example
craniometry
Definition of Example
measurement of the cranium
spondyl/o
vertebra
spondylolysis
vertebr/o
paravertebral
rachi/o
vertebra, spinal
column
spine
cost/o
rib
costochondral
destruction and separation of
a vertebra
near the vertebrae or spinal
column
fissure (-schisis) of the spine;
spina bifida
pertaining to a rib and its
cartilage
rachischisis
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Roots for the Skeleton (cont’d)
Root
sacr/o
Meaning
sacrum
Example
presacral
Definition of Example
in front of the sacrum
coccy, coccyg/o
coccyx
coccygeal*
pertaining to the coccyx
pelvi/o
pelvis
pelviscope
ili/o
ilium
iliopelvic
endoscope for examining
the pelvis
pertaining to the ilium and
pelvis
* Note spelling.
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Bone Formation
• Bones formed from cartilage
• Ossification begins at birth and continues through
adulthood
• Three types of bone cells
– Osteoblasts = cells that produce bone
– Osteocytes = mature bone cells
– Osteoclasts = involved in breakdown of bone tissue
• Resorption = process of destroying bone for absorption
into circulation
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Structure of Long Bone
• Diaphysis = shaft of compact bone tissue
– Yellow bone marrow located inside medullary cavity
• Epiphysis = ends of spongy bone tissue
– Contains red bone marrow
– Covered by thin layer of cartilage
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Structure of Long Bone (cont’d)
• Metaphysis = region between diaphysis and epiphysis
– Contains epiphyseal plate (growth region)
• Periosteum = thin layer of fibrous tissue covering outside
of bone
– Nourishes and protects bone
– Generates new bone cells for growth and repair
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Structure of a Long Bone
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Roots for Bones and Joints
Root
oste/o
Meaning
bone
Example
osteopenia
Definition of Example
deficiency of bone tissue
myel/o
myeloid
pertaining to or resembling
bone marrow
chondr/o
bone marrow;
also, spinal
cord
cartilage
chondroblast
a cartilage-forming cell
arthr/o
joint
arthrosis
synov/i
synovial fluid,
joint, or
membrane
bursa
asynovia
joint; condition affecting a
joint
lack of synovial fluid
peribursal
around a bursa
burs/o
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Joints
• Known as articulations
• Classified by amount of movement they allow
– Suture = immoveable joint
• Held together by fibrous connective tissue
– Symphysis = slightly moveable joint
• Connected by fibrous cartilage
• Synovial joint = freely moveable joint
– Allow for wide range of movements
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Joints (cont’d)
• Synovial fluid contained within diarthrotic cavity
– Protects joint by cushioning and lubricating
– Produced by synovial membrane
• Ligaments connect articulating bones
– Stabilize and strengthen synovial joints
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Clinical Aspects of the Skeleton
• Orthopedics = study of diseases of skeletal and muscular
systems
• Detection: radiographs, CT, MRI, changes in blood levels
of calcium and alkaline phosphatase
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Clinical Aspects of the Skeleton (cont’d)
• Infections
– Osteomyelitis = inflammation of bone
• Caused by pus-forming bacteria
– Tuberculosis
• May spread to bone, especially long bones, wrist,
and ankle bones
• If in spine, called Pott disease
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Clinical Aspects of the Skeleton (cont’d)
• Fractures
– Break in bone
• Usually caused by trauma
– Effects depend on:
• Location
• Severity
• Closed fracture (skin not broken)
• Open fracture (accompanied by skin wound)
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Types of Fractures
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Fracture Treatment
• Reduction of fracture
– Realignment of broken bone
– Closed - no surgery required
– Open - requires surgery for proper positioning
• Healing phase
– Splint or cast often needed
– Bone immobilized
– Traction
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Metabolic Bone Diseases
• Osteoporosis = loss of bone mass
– Weakens bones
– Most susceptible: Women over 50
– Possible prevention
• Adequate calcium intake
• Weight-bearing exercises
– Diagnosed and monitored with DEXA scan
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Metabolic Bone Diseases (cont’d)
• Osteomalacia = softening of bone tissue
– Possible causes:
• Deficiency of vitamin D
• Renal disorders
• Liver disease
• Certain intestinal disorders
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Metabolic Bone Diseases (cont’d)
• Paget disease (osteitis deformans)
– Disorder of aging
– Bones overgrown and thicker
– Usually involves bones of axial skeleton
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Neoplasms
• Osteogenic sarcoma = highly malignant tumor
–
Most commonly occurs in growing region
–
Often requires amputation
• Chondrosarcoma = cartilage tumor
–
May require amputation
• Signs of bone tumors
–
Pain
–
Easy fracture
–
Increases in serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase
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Arthritis
• Joint inflammation
– Most common form is osteoarthritis
• Joint cavity narrows
• Bone thickens
• Cartilage may crack and break loose
• Treatment
–
Analgesics
–
Antiinflammatory agents
–
Physical therapy
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Systemic inflammatory disease of joints
–
Cause may involve immunologic reactions
–
Overgrowth of synovial membrane
–
Synovial fluid accumulates, causes joint swelling
–
Degeneration of bone eventually causes ankylosis
• Treatment
–
Rest
–
Physical therapy
–
Analgesics
–
Antiinflammatory drugs
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Gout
• Increased uric acid in blood causes salt deposits in joints
• May result from
– Metabolic disturbance
– Secondary effect of another disease
• Treatment
– Drugs
• Suppress formation of uric acid
• Increase elimination of uric acid
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Joint Repair
• Arthroscopy = examination of joint interior and perform
surgical repairs
• Arthroplasty = reconstruction or replacement of joint
• Arthrodesis = fusion of joint
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Disorders of the Spine
• Ankylosing spondylitis
– Disease of spine mainly in males
– Joint cartilage destroyed
– Eventually disks between vertebrae calcify
– Bones fuse
– Starts “low” and progresses upward
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Disorders of the Spine (cont’d)
• Spondylolisthesis
– Forward sliding of vertebrae over vertebrae below
• Spondylolysis = degeneration of joint structures that
stabilize vertebrae
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Herniated Disk
• Central mass of intervertebral disk protrudes into spinal
column
• Commonly occurs:
– Lumbosacral region
– Cervical regions
• Results from injury or heavy lifting
• Severe cases may require diskectomy
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Herniated Disk
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Curvatures of the Spine
• Kyphosis = exaggerated
curve in thoracic region,
“hunchback”
• Lordosis = exaggerated
curve in lumbar region,
“swayback”
• Scoliosis = lateral
curvature of spine
in any region
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. The root oste/o means:
(a) cartilage
(b) fat
(c) bone
(d) heart
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. The root oste/o means:
(a) cartilage
(b) fat
(c) bone
(d) heart
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. The root myel/o refers to the spinal cord. Used in
reference to bones it means:
(a) bone marrow
(b) joint
(c) bone shaft
(d) membrane
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. The root myel/o refers to the spinal cord. Used in
reference to bones it means:
(a) bone marrow
(b) joint
(c) bone shaft
(d) membrane
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
3. A bone of the spinal column is a:
(a) cortex
(b) ventricle
(c) labyrinth
(d) vertebra
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
3. A bone of the spinal column is a:
(a) cortex
(b) ventricle
(c) labyrinth
(d) vertebra
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
4. The large, flared superior bone of the pelvis is the:
(a) duodenum
(b) ilium
(c) thorax
(d) phalange
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
4. The large, flared superior bone of the pelvis is the:
(a) duodenum
(b) ilium
(c) thorax
(d) phalange
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
5. The bones of the wrist are the:
(a) ribs
(b) cervices
(c) carpals
(d) digits
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
5. The bones of the wrist are the:
(a) ribs
(b) cervices
(c) carpals
(d) digits
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
6. The bone of the thigh is the:
(a) patella
(b) umbilicus
(c) cranium
(d) femur
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
6. The bone of the thigh is the:
(a) patella
(b) umbilicus
(c) cranium
(d) femur
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
7. A general term for inflammation of a joint is:
(a) arthritis
(b) conjunctivitis
(c) epididymitis
(d) myocarditis
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
7. A general term for inflammation of a joint is:
(a) arthritis
(b) conjunctivitis
(c) epididymitis
(d) myocarditis
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
8. Chondrosarcoma is a tumor that originates in:
(a) adipose tissue
(b) bone
(c) cartilage
(d) muscle
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
8. Chondrosarcoma is a tumor that originates in:
(a) adipose tissue
(b) bone
(c) cartilage
(d) muscle
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins