Download EOC - Extra Credit (Physics) - answers

Physical Science
Name______________________________
Physical Science CP
Physics Review Questions
Period___________
Mid-Term Review (Chemistry)
KEY
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
1. What is science? Investigation/explanation of the world around us
2. What is the difference between science and technology? Science is the understanding of the concept
(the how, why, etc) and technology is the application of that science to improve our lives
3. How are hypotheses tested? Through experimentation
4. What do you called a proposed solution to a scientific problem? hypothesis
5. This is a statement about how things work in nature that seems to be true all the time…scientific law
(tells what happens, not why they happen)
6. What is a theory? Explanation of why things happen
7. How does a theory differ from a scientific law? Theory explains why, law just tells you what will
happen
8. This is the factor that can cause a change in the results of an experiment… independent variable
9. This is the factor that changes as the independent variable changes… dependent variable
10. Which of these two variables can you manipulate in an experiment? Independent (I did it!)
11. Why do you need a control in an experiment? To be able to compare your results to the norm to see
if there was a change
12. What does it mean to have constants in an experiment? Give an example of an experiment run with
constants. Things that remain the same in order to make sure that your indept. Variable was the
only reason there was a change (testing for plant growth with a fertilizer, constants are same soil,
same amt. water, same room temp, same plant, etc)
13. Why can’t some hypotheses be tested? Too expensive or dangerous (would an earthquake destroy
new building construction) or no longer in existence (did meteors destroy dinosaurs?)
14. What are some options when experimentation is not possible? Models, computer generation
15. Why do you need to have standards when measuring things? So that an inch here is the same as an
inch half way around the world
16. What are the basic steps of the scientific method? Questioning, collect info, form hypothesis,
experimentation, observation, data collection, analysis, conclusion, requestion…
17. What is a conversion factor? A fraction equaling zero that allows you to convert one unit to another
(ex. 12 inch/1 foot)
18. What is a manipulated variable? Independent variable, you determine in advance, amt of fertilizer
that you give the plant ….or the time that you take measurements
19. What is a responding variable? Dependent variable, the one that is the result of the indept., the one
you measure in the experiment …the growth of the plant (due to the fertilizer) …or the temp of the
water (after 5 min, after 10 mins)
20. What kind of information is best shown in a line graph? Change over time
21. What kind of information is best shown on a circle graph? Percentage of a whole
22. You should never allow personal __bias_____ to influence your analysis or conclusion of an
experiment.
23. Be able to convert units from Metric  English using the “+” method.
24. Be able to convert numbers into scientific notation.
25. Be able to read a graph and answer questions about that graph.
26. Be able to use a data table to create a graph.
Physical Science
Physics Review Questions
Chapter 2: Motion
27. What is frame of reference? a coordinate system in which the position of an object is
measured.
28. What is the most commonly used frame of reference? an x & y coordinate plane (starting
line.)
29. What is motion? change in position in relative to a reference point
30. How do we measure motion? in unit of meters
31. What is speed and how do you calculate the speed of an object? in units of distance per
time (ex: m/s)
32. What is the difference between constant speed (neither slowing down or speeding up.) and
average speed (the total distance divided by total time)?
33. What is the speed of an object at rest? zero
34. When an object covers equal distance in equal amounts of time, it is said to be moving at
a(n) __constant__ speed.
35. Total distance divided by total time equals average speed.
36. What is the difference between speed and velocity? velocity has a direct associated with it
37. Velocity describes both speed and __direction___.
38. Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity divided by___time____.
39. Negative acceleration is called ____deceleration______.
40. If an object does not speed up or slow down but it does continue to change direction, it is
said to be accelerating (changing velocity).
41. An eagle flies 250 m in a period of 5 seconds. What is its speed? 50 m/s
42. A swimmer swims exactly 110 m toward the shore in 72 seconds. Calculate this
swimmer’s velocity. 1.52 m/s toward the shore
43. If a cyclist travels 5 hours at an average velocity of 12 km/hr southwest, how much
distance will she cover? 60 km
44. How long would it take an Olympic skier to finish a 2.6 km race if he skied at an average
velocity of 28 m/s downhill? (Hint: Remember to convert your distances to the same unit
before plugging them into an equation!) 92.86 sec.
45. Determine the acceleration of a biker based on the following table:
3 m/s2
Time (s)
Velocity (m/s)
0
0
1
3
2
6
3
9
4
12
46. During a race, a sprinter increases from 5 m/s to 7.5 m/s over a period of 1.25 s. What is
this sprinter’s acceleration? 2 m/s2
47. Draw a graph of constant speed. Horizontal line on an acceleration graph (speed vs. time)
48. Draw a graph of average speed. Sloped line on a speed graph (distance vs. time)
49. Draw a graph of acceleration. Plotting speed vs. time
50. Velocities in the same direction are__________. Velocities in opposite directions are
_______________. Give an example of each.
Physical Science
Physics Review Questions
Chapter 3: Forces
51. What is a force? A push or pull
52. What is a net force? Overall force acting on an object
53. What does it mean if there is a net force of zero? The object is not moving
54. What is a balanced force? Give an example. A “tug of war” game at a standstill
55. What is an unbalanced force? Give an example. Pushing an object across the floor.
56. Define friction. Force that opposes sliding motion
57. In which direction does friction move? In the opposite direction the object is moving
58. List the types of friction and define each. Sliding / rolling / static
59. Which type of friction has the most force? static The least? rolling
60. What are some factors that could cause an object to encounter more friction? more pressure
61. What is air resistance? What causes it to increase? Force that opposes object through the
air. / increased surface area shape of object
62. What is Newton’s 1st Law of Motion? object in motion tends to stay in motion unless an
outside force acts on it / Object at rest tends to stay at rest.
63. Why is it often referred to as the law of inertia? Its an objects resistance to change in motion
64. Why do infant car seats face backwards? To protect from whiplash
65. What is Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion? the acceleration of an object is in the same
direction of the net force
66. What is the mathematical equation associated with the 2nd Law? F = ma
67. If the net force impressed on a sliding block is tripled, by how much does the acceleration
increase? 3 times
68. What is the net force that acts on a 10-N falling object that encounters 4-N of air
resistance? 6 N
Or 10N of air resistance? 0 N
69. What is the acceleration of gravity? 9.8 m/s2
70. What is free fall? any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it
71. What two principal factors affect the force of air resistance on a falling object? Direction
of object through the air, also the size and shape of the object.
72. What is the acceleration of a falling object that has reached terminal velocity? 0 m/s2
73. How does a parachute help a sky diver? The air resistance opposes the force of gravity
74. What is weight? The gravitational pull on an object
75. Is weight equal to mass? No, weight is dependent on gravity, mass is not.
76. What is Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion? for every action this is an equal and opposite reaction
77. Consider hitting a baseball with a bat. If we call the force on the bat against the ball the
action force, identify the reaction force. The force the ball has on the bat in the opposite
direction
78. What happens to a cannon when it fires a cannon ball? It is pushed back What happens to
the cannon ball? It is pushed forward
79. How does Newton’s 3rd Law apply to the Space Shuttle? As fuel is burned, gas is pushed
out of the bottom of the rocket. The reaction is that the shuttle is propelled upward.
Physical Science
Physics Review Questions
Chapter 4 & 5: Energy & Work and Power
80. Energy (does / doesn't) have to involve motion.
81. Energy is the ability to cause change.
82. Energy is measured in joules.
83. When you ride a playground swing, your potential energy is greatest at
the highest point.
84. As mass decreases, kinetic energy decreases.
85. Lowering an object decreases its potential energy.
86. The sum of potential and kinetic energy in a system is called the mechanical energy.
87. Energy in the form of motion is kinetic energy.
88. According to the law of conservation of energy, mechanical energy
can be transformed to heat energy.
89. A rock at the edge of a cliff has potential energy because of its position.
90. When you put on the brakes of a bicycle, friction causes some of the
mechanical energy to convert to thermal energy.
91. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be
created or destroyed.
92. Energy that is stored is potential energy.
93. Energy stored in food you eat is chemical potential energy
94. Mechanical energy is the total potential and kinetic energy in a system.
95. Energy is measured in Joules.
96. Elastic potential energy is stored in a stretched rubber band.
97. A book sitting on a shelf has gravitational potential energy.
98. Gravitational potential energy depends on the height of the object above the ground.
99. Which of the following is an example of mechanical energy?
nuclear energy chemical energy potential energy light energy
100. The kind of energy associated with atomic bonds is chemical energy
101. The primary source of the sun's energy is nuclear fusion
102. A pendulum is swinging back and forth and has a kinetic energy of
400 J at a particular point in its path. Which of the following
statements is not true?
a) Both the kinetic and potential energy are decreasing
b) When the kinetic energy is zero, the potential energy will be 400 J greater
c) The minimum kinetic energy is zero
d) The potential energy increases when the kinetic energy decreases
103. Which of the following statements is not true?
a) The energy of a closed system is constant
b) The energy of an open system can increase
c) If the kinetic energy of an object decreases, the non-mechanical
energy will decrease
d) Energy cannot be created or destroyed
104. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed
only transferred from one form to another.
105. Increasing the speed of an object increases its potential energy
106. The SI unit for energy is the joules.
107. You can calculate kinetic energy by using the equation KE = ½ mv2.
Physical Science
Physics Review Questions
108. You can calculate gravitational potential energy by using the equation GPE = mgh
109. A bus engine transfers chemical potential energy into mechanical so that the bus
moves.
110. According to the law of conservation of energy, the total amount of
energy in the universe is constant.
111. Energy can be defined as the ability to do work.
112. The formula for calculating kinetic energy can be written as KE = ½ mv2.
113. Gravitational potential energy is the stored energy resulting from the relative
positions of objects in a system.
114. Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object due to its motion.
115. The sum of the kinetic and potential energy of large-scale objects in a
system is called mechanical energy.
116. The source of the energy when dynamite explodes is chemical potential energy.
117. The source of the sun's energy is Nuclear fusion.
118. When a system exchanges energy with the environment outside the
system, it is called a(n) ____.
119. A(n) ___ exchanges energy with the outside.
120. Energy is transferred as ____ when mechanical energy decreases and
temperature increases.
121. If an object has energy, this means that the object has the ability to
cause change.
122. If you double the velocity of an object, you increase its kinetic energy
by a factor of 2.
123. Stored energy is called Potential energy.
124. On a swing your potential and kinetic energies change, but your mechanical
energy does not.
125. What is work? Applying a force over a distance
126. What unit is used to measure work? joules
127. What is the formula used to calculate work? Work = force x distance
128. Rotate the equation to solve for force…to solve for distance…
129. What is force measured in? newtons
130. Which requires more work?
a. A 20,000N car being pushed off the road, but not budging
b. A 2 kg brick being lifted 2m off the floor
c. A 20N log being rolled 1m off a walking path
131. What is power? Amount of work done in 1 second
132. What unit is used to measure power? watts
133. What is the formula used to calculate power? Power = energy / time
134. Rotate the equation to solve for work…to solve for time…
135. Can you still calculate power if you are only given weight in Newtons, time
in seconds, and distance in meters? no
136. What measures the rate at which work is done? power
Physical Science
Physics Review Questions
Chapter 11: Waves
137. What does a wave transport? energy
138. What are two major categories of waves? Transverse / compressional
139. What is a medium? What a wave travels through
140. Which category requires a medium? compressional
141. Which category can move through a vacuum? transverse
142. How does a transverse wave travel? Perpendicular / at right angles to the direction of the
movement of the wave
143. How does a longitudinal (compressional) wave travel? Moves back and forth in the same
direction that the wave travels
144. Define the following terms:
a. Crest – high point of transverse wave
b. Trough – low point of transverse wave
c. Amplitude – measure of the energy in a wave
d. Wavelength – length from crest to crest (transverse) / length from center of
rarefaction to rarefaction (compressional)
e. Frequency - # of wavelengths that pass a point in a given second
f. Period – amount of time it takes one wavelength to pass a given point
g. Compression – most dense region in a compressional (longitudinal) wave
h. Rarefaction – the least dense region in a compressional (longitudinal) wave
145. What is the formula to calculate the velocity of a wave? V = frequency x wavelength
146. Why doesn’t a beach flood when waves crash into the shore? When the wave approaches
the shore it touches bottom, and the base is slowed down, so the water at the top of the
wave moves faster, and causes the wave to 'break
147. What type of wave is light? Electromagnetic (transverse)
148. What type of wave is sound? Mechanical (compresssional)
149. Which type of material does a light wave travel fastest in? a vaccum
150. Which type of material does a sound wave travel fastest in? a solid
151. Define the following terms:
a. Reflection - the ability to reflect beams or rays
b. Refraction - the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound)
when passing from one medium to another
c. Angle of incidence - the angle that a line makes with a line perpendicular to
the surface at the point of incidence
d. Angle of reflection - the angle between a reflected ray and a line
perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence
e. Diffraction - apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the
spreading out of waves past small openings
f. Interference - addition (superposition) of two or more waves that results in a
new wave pattern
g. Constructive interference – waves are added together
h. Destructive interference – waves cancel each other
i. Resonance – process by which an object is made to vibrate by absorbing energy at
its natural frequencies
Physical Science
Physics Review Questions
j. Doppler Effect - change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer
and source move toward or away from each other
Chapter 13: Electromagnetic Waves
152. What kind of wave is an electromagnetic wave? transverse
153. How fast can it travel in space (vacuum)? 299 792 458 m / s
154. Does it travel faster or slower in air? slower
155. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
156.
157. Which type of wave has the longest wavelength? Radio The shortest? gamma
158. Which type of wave has the lowest frequency? Radio The greatest? gamma
159. Which type of wave is used mostly for communication? radio
160. Which type of wave is used in medical imaging? X - rays