Download Chapter 14 - The Renaissance and Reformation.

Chapter 14 - The Renaissance and Reformation. (1300-1650).
(1) The Renaissance in Italy.
(2) The Renaissance Moves North.
(3) The Protestant Reformation.
(4) Reformation Ideas Spread.
(5) The Scientific Revolution.
Renaissance. Guttenberg. daVinci.
Luther.
Galileo.
Begins Italy.
Bible.
Mona Lisa.
Theses.
Inquisition.
_______________________________________________________________
1300.
1456.
1506.
1517.
1633.
(1) The Renaissance in Italy.
Vocabulary.
patron - financial supporter of arts.
humanism - intellectual movement on worldly subjects.
humanities - subjects taught to Greeks and Romans.
perspective - painting appears 3D by sizing objects.
Setting the Scene.
A new age dawned in Western Europe called (by French) the Renaissance, meaning
‘rebirth.’ It begins in Italy (la Rinascita) in 1300s and peaks 1500.
Benevenuto Cellini (1500-1571) fought over questioning his goldsmith skills.
He was one of many gifted people whose bold achievements proclaimed a new age and left
a lasting mark on Europe. The Renaissance revived the learning of Greece and Rome and
was seen as a ‘rebirth’ of civilization. It was an age that left behind Middle Ages and set
foundations of modern Western Europe.
Italian City-States.
Italy was the birthplace of Renaissance for several reasons.
(1)
Italy was center of Roman empire.
Renaissance was revival of culture of ancient Rome.
Architecture remains. Statues. Coins. Remind of Rome grandeur.
(2)
Italian cities survive Middle Ages. Expand into city-states.
(N) Florence. Milan. Venice. Genoa. (C) Rome. (S) Naples.
Become prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing.
Venice, Genoa, Pisa control trade in eastern Mediterranean.
Florence thrives on sale of manufactured goods, especially wool.
(3)
Merchant class in city-states use wealth for cultural rebirth.
* political and economic leadership was in hands of middle class
(merchants/bankers) rather than landowning nobles because feudalism
never fully developed in N Italy.
Middle class attitudes for education and individual achievement
shaped the Renaissance.
Florence and the Medicis.
Florence, more than any other city, symbolizes energy and brilliance of age.
Like ancient Athens it produces many poets, artists, architects, scholars, etc.
1397. Giovanni de Medici begins a bank. Richest bankers in Europe.
1434. Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464) gains control of Florence government.
Medicis continue as uncrowned rulers of city for many years.
Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492) is Cosimo’s grandson who is called
‘the Magnificent’ as the Renaissance ‘ideal’: a patron of arts.
What Was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in politics, society, economics, and
culture. People saw themselves and the world differently.
A New Worldview.
The Renaissance people saw ‘rebirth’ from disorder of medieval age.
People did have a medieval past: Latin. Euclid. Ptolemy. Aristotle.
Yet people came up with new attitudes toward culture and learning.
New emphasis: Individual achievement. Talent in many fields.
A ‘Renaissance man’ was the person who could many things well.
A Spirit of Adventure.
Two examples of exploration. Columbus (1492). Copernicus (1530).
Humanism.
Humanism was intellectual focus on worldly subjects, not religious ones.
Traditional university subjects were theology, law, and medicine.
Humanists believed that education should stimulate individual creativity.
They returned to the ‘humanities’ taught at Greek and Roman schools,
namely: grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history.
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), lyric poet, was early humanist who found (in
monasteries) and assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts.
Through his efforts the works of Cicero, Homer, Virgil resurfaced in Europe.
A Golden Age in the Arts.
Wealthy patrons (including powerful women) had a major role in art world.
Humanist Concerns.
Renaissance artists studied Greek and Roman works to revive classical form.
The sculptor Donatello (1386-1466) created a life-size soldier on horseback for first time
since ancient times. It was a move away from religious art.
*Donatello. Florentine sculptor. Founder of ‘modern sculpture’with works fully round and
independent. Created bronze statue of David standing alone.
New Techniques.
Roman art was realistic. Renaissance art was also realistic with addition of perspective
(distant objects smaller) wherein scenes are three-dimensional.
Women Artists.
1500s. Sofonisba Anguissola, Italian, is court painter King PhilipII of Spain.
Architecture.
Renaissance architects reject medieval Gothic style: cluttered and disorderly.
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) created majestic dome in Florence modeled on Pantheon
in Rome. Sculptor. Goldsmith Artist. Innovated perspective.
Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art.
Three most celebrated artists are Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael.
Leonardo da Vinci.
(1452-1519).
Michelangelo.
(1475-1564).
Raphael.
(1483-1520).
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Last Supper (1498). Mona Lisa (1506).
He knew about biology, anatomy, hydraulics, mechanics, aeronautics in notebooks with
mirror writing.
Michelangelo (1475-1564). Sculptor first. Musician. Poet. Painter. Architect. Statues
suggest tension. Pieta (1497). marble David statue. Sistine Chapel (1508-12). Designed St.
Peter’s Cathedral in Rome (1547-death) using principles developed by Brunelleschi.
Raphael (1483-1520). Assumption of the Virgin (1504). Many Madonnas, one influenced by
Mona Lisa (1506). School of Athens includes faces of Leonardo and Michelangelo and
himself. Last work Transfiguration unfinished when he died.
Italian Renaissance Writers.
A literature of ‘how-to’ books sprang up to help ambitious men get ahead.
Castiglione’s Ideal Courtier.
Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529). The "Book of the Courtier" is for aristocrats on
manners, skills, learning and virtues of a member of court.
Published (1528) the year before he died. Castiglione was made a knight.
Ideal courtier is well-educated and well-mannered.
He is master of many fields: poetry, music, sports.
Ideal man is athletic but not overactive.
Ideal man is good at games but not a gambler.
Ideal man plays a musical instrument.
Ideal man knows literature and history but does not show it.
Ideal woman is beautiful (sign of inner goodness).
Machiavelli’s Successful Prince.
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527). "The Prince" for rulers Italian city-states.
Published in 1532. Five years after he died. (Text says 1513.)
His book is a guide to rulers on how to gain and to keep power.
Quotes:
"It is much safer to be feared than loved."
"The end justifies the means."
The word ‘Machiavellian’ has come to mean deceit in politics.
“The Prince” raises ethical questions about the
nature of government and the use of power.
(2) The Renaissance Moves North.
Vocabulary.
engraving - etching a deign on metal plate with acid.
vernacular - everyday language.
utopian - ideal society. (Gk. ‘ou’=not, ‘topos’=place.)
Setting the Scene.
The Renaissance blossomed in Italy and then, slowly, northward.
Unlike Italy, northern Europe recovered slowly from Black Death.
Only after 1450 did north enjoy economic growth to support arts.
Art patrons in feudal north were kings/nobles, not merchants/bankers.
Artists of Northern Renaissance.
Italy (1300-1500). Flanders (1450+). Spain, Germany. England. (1500s+).
Northern artists (far away from Roman ruins) were less classic but used perspective and
oils.
Artists in Flanders contributed by improving paints from quick-drying tempura that could
not be changed to slower-drying oil base that were easier to blend and to add new shades.
German Painters.
Albrecht Durer. (1471-1528). German Leonardo. Etched designs on metal plate with acid.
Many Durer engravings portray religious upheaval of day.
*Hans Holbein. (1497-1543). German, painted portraits of nobles, rulers.
Flemish Painters.
Jan vanEyck. (1395-1441). Flemish. Developed oil paint to produce strong colors and hard
surface. Work survives for centuries. Realistic. Detailed.
Peter Bruegel. (1525-1569). Flemish. Vibrant colors. Scenes of daily life, not religious or
classical themes. Peasants on landscape. High regard by Rubens.
Peter Paul Rubens. (1577-1640). Flemish. Blended Bruegel realism with classical themes
into enormous paintings, some pagan figures classical art.
Northern Humanists.
Like Italian humanists, stress was on education and classical learning.
Erasmus. (1466-1536). Dutch priest. New Greek edition of New testament.
He also wanted Bible translated into vernacular (everyday language).
Wrote “The Praise of Folly.” Used humor to expose immoral behavior.
Thomas More. (1478-1535). English scholar. Wrote “Utopia” about ideal society of men
and women living in peace and harmony.
Writers for a New Audience.
Scholars (Erasmus and More) write in Latin. Middle class wants vernacular.
Literature was like painting and sculpture in expressing Renaissance attitudes for middle
class. Popular literature was often written in vernacular, though many continued to use
Latin.
* Petrarch. (1304-1374). Lyric poet. Wrote in either Latin or Italian about love for Laura.
He perfected a form of poetry known as the sonnet and promoted use of vernacular.
* Giovanni Boccaccio. (1313-1375). Italian. Wrote in Latin or Italian. Original. Narrative
style in Decameron is model for later writers.
Rabelais.
Francois Rabelais. (1494-1553). French. Satirist. Monk. Greek scholar. Doctor. Author.
Ideal Renaissance man.
His “Gargantua and Pantagruel” is a book about adventures of two gentle giants. Not just
comic tale. Characters offer opinions on religion, education, and other serious matters.
Shakespeare.
William Shakespeare. (1564-1616). English. Playwright. Poet.
Wrote 37 plays between 1590 and 1613 (23 years).
Towering figure of renaissance literature.
His works include:
“Twelfth Night.”
Comedy.
“Richard III.”
History.
“Romeo and Juliet.” Tragedy.
“Macbeth.”
Tragedy.
Cervantes.
Miguel de Cervantes. (1547-1616). Spanish. Novelist. His well-known work:
“Don Quioxite.”
Picaresque Romance.
The Printing Revolution.
Technology like printing gradually made poor people aware of new ideas.
1456.
Johann Gutenberg, German, printed a complete edition of Bible
using movable metal type on a machine called a printing press.
Gutenberg (1400-1468) is seen as the inventor of printing.
Background:
1300s. Europeans learn from Arabs (via Chinese) how to make paper from wood pulp.
1300s. Engravers experiment with printing books from wood blocks.
1400s. Invention of printing (movable type) increases availability of books.
1455. Gutenberg builds a printing press.
1466. Gutenberg starts to print the Bible.
By 1500 there were more than 250 Gutenberg printing presses in Europe.
The printing presses turned out books.
Ideas spread rapidly in printed word!!
The printing revolution brought immense changes to Renaissance Europe.
More Books.
More People Learn to Read.
New Ideas.
New Religious Turmoil.
(3) The Protestant Reformation.
Vocabulary.
indulgence - lessening time in purgatory.
recant - give up view.
predestination - God determined long ago who gets saved.
theocracy - government rule by church leaders.
Setting the Scene.
Protestant Reformation is Church effort to renew itself from within in 1500s.
Abuses in Church.
Since Middle Ages, Church gets more involved in worldly affairs.
Popes compete with Italian princes for political power.
Popes fight wars over Papal States with rulers: France. Spain. Germany.
Popes live like rulers with lavish life-style.
Popes are patrons of arts (like princes) in beautifying churches.
* To finance wars and projects, popes up fees for sacraments
and authorize sale of indulgence (reduction of purgatory time).
Luther’s Protest.
Martin Luther (1483-1546), ordained priest, is ‘founder of the Reformation.’
1517.
Martin Luther. German. Rebels against the sale of indulgences.
Luther posts 95 Theses (or arguments) on door of German church.
Luther is a holy man disillusioned with Church corruption and
worldliness. He is set off by Johann Tetzel, Dominican priest, who
tries to sell indulgences for money to rebuild cathedral in Rome.
( * Pope Julius II hires Michelangelo (1506) to rebuild St. Peter’s.)
Luther Versus the Church.
1521. Pope excommunicates Luther.
HRE later (same year) declares Luther an ‘outlaw’ and makes it a
crime for anyone to give him food or shelter. Luther is now a hero.
Luther’s Teachings.
(1) Salvation depends on faith alone and not on good deeds.
(2) Bible is sole source of religious truth.
(3) Rejection of authority of pope and hierarchy.
Bans- Indulgences. Confession. Pilgrimages. Prayers to saints.
Simplifies Mass ritual and emphasized German.
Permits clergy to marry.
Spread of Lutheran Ideas.
By 1530. Lutherans used a new name, Protestant, for those ‘protesting’ pope.
1517. Luther posts 95 Theses.
1521. Pope excommunicates Luther.
HRE declares Luther an ‘outlaw.’
1530. Lutherans call themselves Protestant. No to papal authority.
1530s. HRE tries to force Lutheran princes back in Church. Unsuccessful.
HRE fights Lutheran princes in brief wars.
1555. Peace of Augsburg is signed. Official recognition of split.
Each German prince is allowed to choose religion in his lands.
Most northern German states chose Lutheranism.
Most southern German states stay Roman Catholicism.
John Calvin.
John Calvin (1509-1564) was most important reformer to follow Luther.
Calvin is intellectual born in France and trained as a priest and lawyer.
Stern. Unyielding will. Never selfish. Preaches ‘predestination’ that
says God had chosen (ere birth) those who would be saved.
1536.
1541.
Calvin publishes Institutes of Christian Religion in which he
gives advice on how to run a Protestant church.
Calvin sets up theocracy in Geneva in Switzerland.
Switzerland emerges as center of the Protestant Reformation
* Background:
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) was Swiss reformer and priest
who railed on indulgences (1518). Had 67 theses (1523) himself.
Disliked rituals. Disagreed with Luther (1529) over Eucharist
(dispute to split Protestants). Killed (1531) in Zurich attack.
Less fire than Luther. As Calvinistic on predestination as Calvin.
Calvinists stress:
hard work.
discipline.
thrift.
honesty.
morality.
The Protestant Ethic translates as ‘good work is godly.’
1550s. John Knox (1513-1572) takes Calvinism to Scotland. Fanatic.
Under Knox, Scottish Protestants overthrow Catholic queen
and then set up Scottish Presbyterian Church.
Spread of Calvinism.
Calvinism takes root in Germany, France, Netherlands, England, Scotland.
French Calvinists were called Huguenots. (Hugues Besancon was a leader).
(4) Reformation Ideas Spread.
Vocabulary.
annul - cancel.
canonize - recognize as saint.
compromise - agreement.
scapegoat - someone to blame.
ghetto - separate part of a city.
Setting the Scene.
Both Protestant and (later) Catholic Reformations change Europe.
Radical Reformers.
New Protestant sects spring up more radical than Luther or Calvin.
Anabaptists. (‘ana’=no.)
Reject infant baptism.
Abolish private property (social change).
Tolerate different religions. Separate church and state.
Today. Derivative sects. Baptists. Quakers. Mennonites. Amish.
English Reformation.
1521. Pope excommunicates Luther.
Henry VIII (1491-1547) Handsome. 32" waist. Talented.
Henry attacks Luther in pamphlet. ‘Defender of Faith.’
1527. Henry asks pope to annul Catherine of Aragon. (18-yr. wife.)
1533. Henry marries Anne Boleyn.
1534. Pope says ‘no’ to Henry on annulment.
Act of Supremacy makes Henry head of Church of England.
* Sir Thomas More is executed fro treason for not
accepting (like many Catholics) Act of Supremacy.
1536. Henry seizes Church lands. Gives to nobles, high citizens.
Henry marries four more wives. Dissipated. 54” waist.
1547. Henry dies. Edward VI, 10 years old, is king. Protestant.
1553. Edward dies. Mary Tudor is queen. Catholic.
1558. Mary dies. Elizabeth is queen. Protestant.
Elizabeth restores Book of Common Prayer.
Catholic Reformation.
1530s-1540s. Pope tries to revive moral authority and stop Protestant tide.
1545. Council of Trent. Pope calls meeting that lasts (on-off) 20 years.
(1) Reaffirm traditional Catholic values. That Protestants challenge.
(2) Salvation comes through faith and good works.
(3) Bible is not sole source.
Council ends some abuses but revives Inquisition, starts Index.
1540. Ignatius of Loyola starts Society of Jesus. Jesuits. Loyal to pope.
1555. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582). Ascetic. New nuns. Mystic.
Catholic Reformation results in more devout Church by 1600.
But Europe now is Catholic south and Protestant north.
Widespread Persecution.
1516. Venice orders Jews to live in ghetto or separate part of city.
1550s. Pope puts more restrictions on Jews.
(5) Scientific Revolution.
Vocabulary.
heliocentric - sun is center.
hypothesis - possible explanation. (‘beneath.’)
scientific method - step-by-step process of discovery.
gravity - force that keeps planets in orbit around sun.
Setting the Scene.
The Scientific Revolution is the new way of thinking about physical universe.
Changing View of Universe.
European scholars accept (up to 1550s) theory of Ptolemy (AD 90-168), an Egyptian
astronomer from Alexandria who said that Earth is stationary and the center of the
universe. This is ‘geocentric’ as opposed to ‘heliocentric.’
A Revolutionary Theory.
1543. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543). Polish. Publishes heliocentric idea.
His model of universe (calculated in 1530) says sun is at center.
Is now considered ‘Father of Modern Astronomy.’
1563. Tyco Brahe (1546-1601). Danish astronomer supports Copernicus.
@14. Sees partial solar eclipse of 1560. Is obsessed with astronomy.
@19. Loses most of his nose in a duel (hot temper).
He wears a false nose for the rest of his life.
1596. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). German. Supports Copernicus.
Uses Brahe’s data to calculate orbits of planets around sun.
Galileo.
1610. Gaileo Galilei (1564-1642). Italian. New telescope. Spots on sun.
Says his observation supports Kepler calculations.
1616. Galileo recants his support of Copernicus.
1632. He reverses. Says Copernicus is right.
1634. Galileo goes to Inquisition. 70 years old.
1637. He goes blind in house arrest five years before when he dies.
New Scientific Method.
Old approach was to rely on Aristotle or Ptolemy or the Bible.
* Aristotle (384-322 BC) created system of thought based on observation and a way of
reasoning called logic. In Middle Ages, scholars relied completely on Aristotle and other
ancients. By end of Middle Ages, scholars questioned ancients such as when they started to
observe stars and planets.
New approach was to observe and experiment by using scientific method:
(1) State Problem. (2) Gather data. (3) Hypothesis. (4) Accept or Reject.
Bacon and Descartes.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626). English. Stresses experimentation.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650). French. Stresses human reasoning.
Considered ‘Father of Modern Philosophy.’ Jesuit -educated.
First doctrine (1644): ‘Cogito ergo sum.’ I think, therefore, I am.
Newton Ties It All Together.
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727). English. Scientist. Mathematician.
1666.
1687.
Newton is 24. Formulates (in his head) theory of gravity.
Legend holds that he sees an apple fall from tree and wonders
whether force that pulls apple to Earth is same for planets.
Spends next 20 years to perfect his theory.
Builds his work on work of earlier scientists.
Invents differential calculus.
Publishes Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
Postulates law of gravity that says there is a force of attraction between objects
related to their mass and the force increases as objects get closer.
Declares Newton Laws of Motion with the premise that all motion
in universe can be measured or described mathematically.
His math leads to more precise maps.
His calculus leads to better weapons like guns and cannons.
Other Scientific Advances.
Significant scientific advances in 1500s-1600s were in chemistry and medicine.
Chemistry.
Remember that medieval alchemists wanted to transform metals into gold.
Robert Boyle (1627-1691). Irish. Physicist. Chemist.
Distinguishes between individual elements and chemical compounds.
1662. Explains effect of temperature and pressure on gases.
Boyle’s Law: Pressure and volume of gas are inversely related.
Opens the way to modern chemical analysis of matter.
Medicine.
Medieval physicians relied on Galen (130-201) who was limited re anatomy.
* Galen, the physician to Marcus Aurelius, was first to diagnose the pulse.
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564). Belgium. Anatomist. Cadaver dissector.
1541. Edits Galen’s work.
1543. Publishes On the Structure of the Human Body. Drawings.
It is first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy.
Inquisition sentences him to death. (Body snatching.)
1564. Commuted sentence. Jerusalem pilgrimage. Dies coming home.
Ambrose Pare (1510-1590). French. Army Surgeon.
Considered ‘Father of modern surgery.’
Develops technique to close (gunshot) wounds with stitches.
William Harvey (1578-1657). English. Doctor.
Discovers the circulation of blood in human body.
Anthony von Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Dutch. Microscopist.
Makes telescopic discoveries that support circulation of blood.