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Notes Chapter 3
Pearson Textbook
1.Chapter 3:Earth’s Structures
And Materials
2. Lesson2: Convection and the
Mantle
3. How is Heat Transferred?
5. There are three types of heat transfer: Radiation, Convection,
and Conduction
5. Heat is constantly being transferred inside Earth
And on Earth’s Surface
5.When an object is heated, the particles that make up the object move
faster
3. How Does Convection Occur in Earth’s Mantle
Density
4. Convection Currents
5. A measure of how much mass there is in a given volume of a substance
Convection Current
5. The flow that transfers heat within a fluid
5. Heating and cooling of a fluid, changes in the fluid’s density,
and the force of gravity combine to set convection currents in
motion
5. Without heat, convection currents eventually stop
4. Convection Currents in Earth
5. Heat from the core and mantle itself causes convection currents
in the mantle
5. Over millions of years, the great heat and pressure in the mantle have
caused solid mantle rock to warm and flow very slowly
5. there are also convection currents in the outer core. These convection
currents cause Earth’s magnetic field
2.Lesson 3: Classifying Rocks
3. How Do Geologists Classify Rocks?
5. To study a rock sample, geologists observe the rock’s mineral
composition, color, and texture
Rock-forming Minerals
Grains
4.Mineral Composition and Color
5.the approximately 20 minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s
Crust
5. some rocks contain single minerals. Others contain several minerals
4. Texture
5. Used to describe - most rocks are made up of particles of minerals or
other rocks
Texture
5. The look and feel of a rock’s surface
5. To describe the texture of a rock, geologists use terms that are based on
the size, shape, and pattern of the grains
4. Origin
5. Geologists classify rocks into three major groups: Igneous,
Sedimentary, and Metamorphic rock
Igneous Rock
5. Forms from the cooling of molten material called magma or lava
Sedimentary rock
5. Forms when small particles of rocks or the remains of plants and animals
are pressed and cemented together
5. forms when a rock is changed by heat or pressure, or by chemical
reactions
5. Magma hardens underground to form rock
5. Sedimentary rock forms in layers that are buried below the surface
Metamorphic Rock
5. Most metamorphic rock forms deep underground
2. Lesson 4: Igneous and
Metamorphic Rocks
3. How Do Geologists Classify Igneous Rocks
5. Igneous rocks are classified by their origin, texture, and
mineral composition
5. Pockets of magma inside Earth can bake rock. However, Magma can
also harden to form Igneous rocks
5. Note that although all igneous rocks form from magma or lava, igneous
rocks can look vastly different from each other
Extrusive Rock
Intrusive Rock
4. Origin
5. Igneous rock formed from lava that erupted onto Earth’s surface
5. Igneous rock that formed when magma hardened beneath the surface of
Earth
5. Igneous rock may form on or beneath Earth’s surface
5. Basalt is the most common Extrusive rock
5. The most abundant type of intrusive rock in continental crust is granite
4.Texture
5. Different igneous rock may have similar mineral compositions an yet
have very different textures
5. The texture of an igneous rock depends on the size and shape of its
mineral crystals. The only exceptions to this rule are the different types of
volcanic glass – igneous rock that lacks a crystal structure
Silica
4. Mineral Composition
5. a material found in magma that forms from oxygen and silicon
4. Use of Igneous Rocks
5. Many igneous rocks are hard, dense, and durable
3. What Are Metamorphic Rocks
5. Any rock that forms from another rock as a result of changes
in heat or pressure(or both heat and pressure) is a metamorphic
rock
5. When great heat and pressure are applied to a rock, the rock can change
both its shape and composition
4.How Metamorphic Rocks Form
5. Metamorphic rock can form out of igneous, sedimentary, or other
metamorphic rock
5. the heat that can change a rock into metamorphic rock can come from
pockets of magma
5. Very high pressure can also change rock into metamorphic rock
5. Under very high temperature or pressure (or both), the minerals in a rock
can be changed into other minerals
5. At the same time, the appearance, texture, and crystal structure of the
minerals in the rock change. The rock becomes metamorphic
Foliated
4. How Metamorphic Rocks Are Classified
5. While metamorphic rocks are forming, intense heat changes the size and
shape of the grains, in the rock
5. describes the thin, flat layering found in most metamorphic rocks
5. Some metamorphic rocks are non-foliated. The mineral grains in these
rocks are arranged randomly
4. How Metamorphic Rocks Are Used
5. Marble and slate are very useful metamorphic rocks
5. Marble has an even grain, so it can be cut into thin slabs or carved into
many shapes, and is easy to polish
5. Like marble, Slate comes in many color, including gray, red, and purple
5. Because its foliated, slate splits easily into flat pieces which can be used
for roofing, outdoor walkways , and as a trim for stone buildings
2. Lesson 5: Sedimentary Rocks
Sediment
3. How Do Sedimentary Rocks Form?
5. Small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or living things
5. Most sedimentary rocks are formed through a sequence of
processes: weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and
cementation
Weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Compaction
Cementation
5. The effects of freezing and thawing, plant roots, acid, and other forces on
rock
5. The process by which running water, wind, or ice carry away bits of
broken-up rock
5. The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying
it
5.The process that presses sediments together
5. The process in which dissolved minerals crystalize and glue particles of
sediment together
3.What Are the Three Major Types of Sedimentary Rocks
5. The three major groups of sedimentary rocks are clastic rocks,
organic rocks, and chemical rocks
Clastic Rock
4.Clastic Rocks
5. a sedimentary rock formed when rock fragments are squeezed together
5. Most sedimentary rocks are made up of broken pieces of other rocks
Shale
Organic Rocks
5. forms from tiny particles of clay
5. Some clastic rocks contain rock fragments that are of different size
4. Organic Rocks
5. Forms where the remains of plants and animals are deposited in layers
5. Coal forms from the remains of swamp plants buried in water
5. Limestone forms in the ocean, where many living things, such as coral,
clams, and oysters, have hard shells or skeletons made of the mineral
calcite. When these animals die, their shells pile up thickly on the floor.
Millions of years of compaction and cementation, Limestone form
Chemical rock
4. Chemical Rocks
5. Forms when minerals dissolved in a water solution crystalize
5. Chemical Rocks can also form from mineral deposits that are left when
seas or lakes evaporate
3. How Are Sedimentary Rocks Used
5. People have used sedimentary rocks throughout history for
many different purposes, including for tools and building
materials
5. Sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone have been used as
building materials for thousands of years
5. The White House in Washington D.C. is built out of sandstone
5. Limestone also has industrial uses. It is used in making cement and steel
2. Lesson 6: The Rock Cycle
3. What Is the Rock Cycle
5. Forces deep inside Earth and at the surface produce a slow
cycle that builds, destroys, and changes the rocks in the crust
Rock Cycle
5. A series of processes that occur on Earth’s surface and in the crust and
mantle that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another
4. One Pathway Through The Rock Cycle
5. There are many pathways by which rocks move through the rock cycle.
4. Patterns in the Rock Cycle
5. The processes of the rock cycle form a pattern of pathways,
These pathways result from weathering and erosion, deposition,
earthquakes and volcanic activity, tremendous heat and pressure
and melting
5. There are also many agents of erosion. Rain, glaciers waves, and wind
can all transport broken bits of weathered rock
5. These agents deposit the bits of weathered rock. Over time, the weight of
the sediment compacts the particles to form sedimentary rock
5. Earth’s outer layer is broken into larger pieces
5. The enormous pieces of Earth’s outer layer are called Tectonic Plates
5. These plates carry the continents and the ocean floor slowly over Earth’s
surface
5. Geologists believe that the plates move as the result of convection
currents in the mantle
5. The processes of the rock cycle are closely tied to plate tectonics
5. As two plates that carry landmasses collide, the edges of the plates may
be squeeze together like a giant trash compactor. As a result, rock along the
edges of the plates can fold and bend upward, pushing up huge mountains
5. Earthquakes may occur along these faults, suddenly thrusting up large
areas of rock.
5. Colliding plates can also produce volcanos
5. When two plates collie, great heat and pressure can affect rock in the
plates
5. The tremendous heat and pressure act to deform the rock and slowly
change one type of rock into another type