Download Unit 1 Electricity 1. Learn the following words: charge – эл. заряд

Unit 1
Electricity
1. Learn the following words:
charge – эл. заряд
induction – эл. индукция
current – эл. ток
vicinity – близость (соседство)
consumption – потребление
gout – подагра
jolt – тряска
amber – янтарь
friction – трение
to moisten – смачивать
germanium – германий
junction – соединение, скрещивание, слияние
to amplify - усиливать
holes - дыра
semiconductor - полупроводимость
2.Read and translate the text:
It is impossible to imagine our life without electricity: world progress will be turned to the past
and our daily lives completely transformed. Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of
applications
of
electricity
such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable.
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric
charge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning, static electricity,
electromagnetic induction and electric current.
Electricity studies:

electric charge: a property of some subatomic particles, which determines their
electromagnetic interactions. Electrically charged matter produces electromagnetic fields.






electric field: an especially simple type of electromagnetic field produced by an electric
charge even when it is not moving (i.e., there is no electric current). The electric field
produces a force on other charges in its vicinity.
electric potential: the capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge,
typically measured in volts.
electric current: a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured
in amperes.
electromagnets: moving charges produce a magnetic field. Electric currents generate
magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields generate electric currents.
electric power where electric current is used to energise equipment;
electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components
such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive
interconnection technologies.
Since the beginning of the 20th century the development of electricity has begun throughout
the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years. Today
consumption of electricity per capita is an indicator of the state of development and economic
health of a nation. Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it
offers improved service and reduced cost. One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is
clean, easily-regulated and generates no by-products. Applications of electricity now cover all
fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the
efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron
beams. Truly electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.
History
Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BC referred to electric fish ( "Thunderer of the Nile"),
and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia
later. The ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing
effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and torpedo rays, and knew that such shocks could
travel along conducting objects. People suffering from ailments such as gout or headache were
directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them.
2,500 years ago the Greeks knew how to get electricity by rubbing substances. But the electricity
to be obtained by rubbing objects cannot be used to light lamps, to boil water, to run electric trains,
and so on. Possibly the earliest and nearest approach to the discovery of the identity of lightning
is to be attributed to the Arabs, who before the 15th century had the Arabic word for lightning
(raad) applied to the electric ray. Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain
objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers.
Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BC, from which
he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which
needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect,
but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity.
In 1753, Benjamin Franklin proved that unlike charges are produced due to rubbing dissimilar
objects. Befor that in 1600 the English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity
and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing
amber. His kite experiment demonstrated that lightning is electricity. In June 1752 he is reputed
to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a stormthreatened sky. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that
lightning was indeed electrical in nature. To show that the charges are unlike and opposite, he
decided to call the charge on the rubber– negative and that on the glass–positive.
The first man to get the electric current was Volta after whom the unit of electric pressure, the volt,
was named. His discovery developed out of Galvani's experiments with the frog. Galvani observed
that the legs of a dead frog jumped as a result of an electric charge. He tried his experiment several
times and every time he obtained the same result. He thought that electricity was generated within
the
leg
itself.
Soon
he
found
that
the
electric
source was not within the frog's leg but was the result of the contact of both
dissimilar metals used during his observations. Then he spent the next few years trying to invent
a source of continuous current. To increase the effect obtained with one pair of metals, Volta
increased the number of these pairs. Thus the voltaic pile consisted of a moistened in salt water
between them. A wire was connected to the first disc of copper and to the last disc of zinc.
In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectricity, demonstrating that electricity was
the medium by which nerve cells passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta's battery, or
voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a
source of electrical energy.
The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans
Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819-1820; Michael Faraday invented the electric
motor in 1821. He made Electromagnetic induction. His pioneering work dealt with how electric
currents work. In 1826 Georg Ohm defined the relationship between power, voltage, current and
resistance in “Ohms Law.”Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827. In
1831 using his invention the induction ring, Michael Faraday proved that electricity can be induced
(made) by changes in an electromagnetic field. Faraday’s experiments about how electric current
works, led to the understanding of electrical transformers and motors.
Joseph Henry separately discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction. He also described
an electric motor.
In 1832 using Faraday’s principles, Hippolyte Pixii built the first “dynamo,” an electric generator
capable of delivering power for industry. Pixxi’s dynamo used a crank to rotate a magnet around
a a piece of iron wrapped with wire. Because this devise used a coil of wire, it produced spikes of
electric current followed by no current.
In 1835, Joseph Henry invented the electrical relay, used to send electrical currents long distances.
In 1837, Thomas Davenport invented the electric motor, an invention that is used in most
electrical appliances today.
In 1839, Sir William Robert Grove developed the first fuel cell, a device that produces electrical
energy by combining hydrogen and oxygen.
In 1841, James Prescott Joule showed that energy is conserved in electrical circuits involving
current flow, thermal heating, and chemical transformations. A unit of thermal energy, the Joule,
was named after him.
In 1844, Samuel Morse invented the electric telegraph, a machine that could send messages long
distances across wire.
Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in
particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862. James Clerk Maxwell a Scottish
mathematician translated Faraday's theories into mathematical expressions. Maxwell was one of
the finest mathematicians in history. A maxwell is the electromagnetic unit of magnetic flux,
named in his honor.
In 1876, Charles Brush invented the “open coil” dynamo (or generator) that could produce a
study current of electricity.
In 1878, Joseph Swan invented the first incandescent light bulb (also called an “electric lamp”).
His lightbulb burned out quickly. Charles Brush developed an arc lamp that could be powered by
a generator. Thomas Edison bought a number of patents related to electric lighting and began
experiments to develop a practical, long-lasting light bulb. After many experiments, Thomas
Edison invented an incandescent light bulb that could be used for about 40 hours without burning
out. By 1880 his bulbs could be used for 1200 hours.
In 1881, the electric street car was invented by E.W. v. Siemens
In 1883, Nikola Tesla invented the “Tesla coil”, a transformer that changes electricity from low
voltage to high voltage making it easier to transport over long distances. The transformer was an
important part of Tesla’s alternating current (AC) system, still used to deliver electricity today. A
year later Nikola Tesla invented the electric generator that produces alternating current (AC).
Steam turbine generator, capable of generating huge amounts of electricity, was invented by Sir
Charles Algernon Parsons.
In 1886, William Stanley developed the induction coil transformer and an alternating current
electric system.
In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric
sparks more easily. Heinrich Hertz laid the ground work for the vacuum tube. He laid the
foundation for the future development of radio, telephone, telegraph, and even television. He was
one of the first people to demonstrate the existence of electric waves. Hertz was convinced that
there were electromagnetic waves in space.
In 1897, electron was discovered by Joseph John Thomson.
In 1905 Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric
effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising
electrons. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in
1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".The photoelectric effect is also
employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels and this is frequently used to make
electricity commercially. The first solid-state device was the "cat's whisker" detector, first used in
the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal
(such as a germanium crystal) in order to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect. In a
solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered
specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively
charged electrons, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes. These charges and
holes are understood in terms of quantum physics. The building material is most often a crystalline
semiconductor. The solid-state device came into its own with the invention of the transistor in
1947. Common solid-state devices include transistors, microprocessor chips, and RAM. A
specialized type of RAM called flash RAM is used in flash drives and more recently, solid state
drives to replace mechanically rotating magnetic disc hard drives. Solid state devices became
prevalent in the 1950s and the 1960s, during the transition from vacuum tubes to semiconductor
diodes, transistors, integrated circuit (IC) and the light-emitting diode (LED).
Adapted from:
https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Electricity
3.Give the Russian equivalents for the folloving English words and phrases:
electric charge, electric field, electric potential, electric current, longstanding and unquestionable,
electromagnetic induction, subatomic particles, electromagnetic interactions, measured in volts,
energise equipment, vacuum tubes, diodes, integrated circuits, interconnection technologies, laser
devices, electron beams, torpedo rays, powerful jolt, rubbing substances, rods of amber, friction
rendered amber magnetic, the lodestone effect, a storm-threatened sky, the voltaic pile consisted
of a moistened, a crank to rotate, electrical relay, the first fuel cell, а maxwell is the electromagnetic
unit of magnetic flux, the “open coil” dynamo, the incandescent light bulb, an arc lamp, the
induction coil transformer, ultraviolet light, а whisker-like wire, rotating magnetic disc, the lightemitting diode.
4. Give the English equivalents for the folloving Russian words and phrases:
электрический ток, электрический заряд, электромагнитические взаимодействия,
электрическое напряжение, пропускать ток, вакуум, энергосистема, луч, измерять в
амперах, лампа, силовые колебания, соприкасающиеся субстанции, трение,
ультрафеолетовый свет, эффект магнетита, радио трансляция, топливный элемент, поток,
эл. катушка, вращать, топливный элемент, лампа накаливания, электрическая дуга,
вращающийся диск, выделять (тепло), излучать.
5. Answer the questions:
1.What is electric charge?
2.What is electric field?
3.What is electric potential?
4.What is electric current?
5. What is electric power?
6. What discoveries in Electricity were made in the ancient time?
7. What discoveries in Electricity were made in the 18th century?
8. What discoveries in Electricity were made in the 19th century?
9.What discoveries in Electricity were made in the 20th century?
6. Speak on:
- Ancient cultures around the electricity.
- The first man to get the electric current was Volta.
- An alternating current electric system (AC).
- Heinrich Hertz laid the foundation for the future development of radio, telephone, telegraph,
and even television.
7. Translate the text:
The Electron Theory
Electricity is most easily explained by the electron theory, developed in the early 20th century.
The electron theory, in turn, depends on the atomic theory of matter. The birth of electricity comes
from what we call an atom or atoms and its interaction with other atoms. The contents of an atom
are in three parts, a proton, a neutron, and an electron. The proton is known to be with a positive
electrical charge. The neutron is known to be neutral or without an electrical charge. The third
particle is called an electron which is known to be with a negative charge. The center of the atom
(nucleus) would contain both the proton, and the neutron particles.. A proton has a type of electric
charge that is said to be positive. Circling the nucleus are one or more electrons, which are much
smaller than the proton. An electron has a type of charge that is said to be negative. An electrically
neutral atom has one electron for each proton. In such an atom, the positive and negative charges
exactly balance. An atom may lose or gain one or more electrons, leaving it with a net positive or
negative charge. A charged atom is called an ion.
The make up of an atom can be related to the solar system in approximation. In the solar system
we have a sun, and several planets. The sun is found to be stationary, and the planets tend to revolve
around the sun. The planets would attract to the sun, and collide with it, due to the gravitational
pull of the sun, if they were not held away by some unseen force. By the planets revolving around
the sun, we might conclude that the centrifugal force of the movement around the sun keeps our
planets from being attracted too much, and pulled into the sun. We can also relate this theory to
the atom. The electrons have a negative charge. The protons have a positive charge. The neutron
has no charge, or is neutral. It would be obvious that the neutron would have no affect to either the
proton, or the electron elements of an atom. Yet the neutron can add molecular weight to an atom.
But like heat is attracted to cold, negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively
charged proton. The positively charged proton, and the neutron which has no charge, are found to
be stationary in the center of the atom, called the nucleus. Many negatively charged electrons can
revolve randomly around the proton and neutron, at the same time, and in different orbits. We
might assume that the negatively charged neutron (energy) would be attracted to the positively
charged proton due to the attraction created by the opposite forces. We might also assume like the
planets in the solar system, that the electrons do not collide with the proton due to the same
centrifugal force found in the solar system's planet movement around the sun.
Adapted from:
https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Electricity
8.Give the Russian translation of the text:
Термин «электричество» дан тем предметам, в которых происходят электрические явления.
Термин «электричество» происходит от греческого «ἤλεκτρον», что означает янтарь, с того
времени, как Фалес Милетский ( 600 г. до н.э.) рассказал, что древние греки признали тот
факт, что, если потереть янтарь, он притягивал легкие частицы к себе, или, как бы мы теперь
сказали, стал наэлектризованный. Примерно до 1600г. д.н.э. янтарь и гагат были
единственными веществами, которые, как известно, обладали этим свойством. Затем проф.
Гилберт обнаружил, что многие вещества, такие как стекло, смола, сера и другие, также
обладают этим свойством, поэтому семнадцатый век положил начало науке
«электричество».