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Information Technologies and Microsoft SQL Server Day 1 by Alper Özpınar [email protected] Course Overview Introduction to Information Technologies Historical background Data and information Data collecting and storing Data processing SQL Server SQL Server Technical Details Creating a database Security and users Table’s and data types SQL Language SQL Functions Stored Procedures Applications Structure of World Economy High Imperialism 1880 - 1914 World War I 1914 - 1918/23 The World between the Wars 1918/23 - 1939 World War II 1939 - 1945 Post World War II 1945 - 1949 Industrialization War Economy Political Issues War Economy Political Issues Demand >>> Supply Demand >> Supply The Early Cold War 1949 - 1969 The Late Cold War 1969 - 1990 New World 1990 -2000 Technology Race New Business Structure Globalization Demand >> Supply Demand = Supply Demand < Supply Now Demand <<< Supply Computers and Humanbeings "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers." Thomas Watson (1874-1956), Chairman of IBM, 1943 Computers and Humanbeings "There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home." Ken Olson, president, chairman and founder of Digital Equipment Corp., 1977 Structure of old economy The capital rise and grow Most of the producers have a local or national market competition, not more than a competition with neighboring countries Competition based on costing and quality Product improvements still continues while the product on the market Products have a long market life Product development includes continues actions Structure of new economy The information rise and grow Competition Competition in world markets Management and control in a global marketplace Global work groups & delivery systems Products & Services Complex and variable Short market life Product & Service development processes are mostly parallel and multidisciplinary Structure of new economy Weapons of the competitive market Perfection in product & service design Creativity and Innovation Flexible to the customer demands High quality New product development and entering the market timing Limited employee knowledge base Leadership Structure of new economy Production & Services Ready to work with uncertainty and fuzzy situations Flexible network production Distributed & Outsourced All disciplines and departments works parallel in production Low capacity high flexibility Cheaper Faster Durable Reliable Structure of new economy Transformation of the Enterprise Flattening Decentralization Flexibility Location Independence Low transaction and coordination costs Empowerment Collaborativework and teamwork Structure of new economy New way of operating the business SCM (Supply Chain Management ) MRP ( Management Resources Planning) MIS ( Management Information Systems ) ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning ) CRM (Customer Relationship Management ) ... Functions of Information Systems Environment Customers Suppliers Organization Input Processing Output Feedback Regulatory Agencies Competitors Stockholders Information Systems Organizations Management Information Systems Technology Key Systems in Organization 1. 2. 3. 4. Because there are different interests, specialities, and levels in an organization, there are different types of systems in an organization these are; Operational-level Systems Knowledge-level Systems Management-level Systems Strategic-level Systems Time Sequence mid-1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) MIS Office Automation Systems DSS DSS Expanded Commercial applications of expert systems Executive Information Systems Group Support Systems Neural Computing Integrated, hybrid computer systems TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS KIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVED STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR MANAGERS MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE MANAGERS KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE & DATA WORKERS OPERATIONAL LEVEL SALES & MARKETING OPERATIONAL MANAGERS MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMAN RESOURCES Operational-level Systems Support operational managers by keeping track of the elementary activities and transactions of the organisation. The principle purpose of systems at this level is to answer routine questions and track the flow of transactions through the organisation. Covers things such as sales, receipts, cash deposits, payroll, credit decisions, flow of materials. Knowledge-level Systems Support knowledge and data workers in an organisation. The purpose of these systems is to help the organisation discover, organise and integrate new and existing knowledge in to the business, and to help control the flow of paperwork. These systems, specially in the form of collaboration tools, workstations, and office systems, are the fastest growing applications in business today. Management-level Systems Designed to serve the the monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers. These typically provide periodic reports rather than instant information on operations. Some of these systems support non-routine decision-making, focusing on less-structured decisions for which information requirements are not always clear. This will often require information from outwith the organisation, as well as from normal operational-level data. Strategic-level Systems Help senior management tackle and address strategic issues and long-term trends, both within the organisation and in the external environment. Principal concern is matching organisational capability to changes, and opportunities, occurring in the medium to long term (i.e. 5 - 10 years) in the external environment. Systems Typically, an organisation might have operational, knowledge, management and strategic level systems for each functional area within the organisation. This would be based on the management model adopted by the organisation, so, while the most commonly-adopted systems structure would simply follow the standard functional model, structures reflecting bureaucratic, product and matrix models are also possible. TPS DATA FOR MIS APPLICATIONS TPS Order Processing MIS SALES DATA System ORDER FILE Materials Resource Planning System PRODUCTION MASTER FILE General Ledger System ACCOUNTING FILES UNIT PRODUCT COST MIS REPORTS PRODUCT CHANGE DATA EXPENSE DATA MIS FILES MANAGERS Decision Support Systems Repetitive Linear Logic Regular Reports No support of Specialised heuristics System makes decision itself decisions No regular reports TPS OAS MIS ESS/EIS DSS KWS ES Decision-Support Systems (DSS) Components of a DSS Decision Maker MMS DSS User Management Interface Support Systems DBMS MBMS Database Model Base Management Management Systems Corporat e Databas es Services Models and Aids Mail, News, Discussion Groups Relations ESS MIS KWS OAS DSS TPS "There are two ways of constructing a software design; one way is to make it so simple that there are obviously no deficiencies, and the other way is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious deficiencies. The first method is far more difficult." - C. A. R. Hoare What is a Database? The term database has fallen into loose use lately, losing much of its original meaning. To some people, a database is any collection of data items (phone books, laundry lists, parchment scrolls . . . whatever). A record is a representation of some physical or conceptual object. Say, for example, that you want to keep track of a business’s customers. You assign a record for each customer. Each record has multiple attributes, such as name,address, and telephone number. Individual names, addresses, and so on are the data. What Is a Database Management System? A database management system (DBMS) is a set of programs used to define, administer, and process databases and their associated applications.The database being “managed” is, in essence, a structure that you build to hold valuable data. A DBMS is the tool you use to build that structure and operate on the data contained within the database. Many DBMS programs are on the market today. Some run only on mainframe computers, some only on minicomputers, and some only on personal computers. What is SQL Server 2000? SQL Server is a client/server based relational database management system Runs on Windows 2000 Professional, Server, Advanced Server, NT 4, Windows 9x/ME or Windows CE Included in BackOffice product family Include in .Net Servers family Client/Server Server Side Database Engine Security Fault-tolerance Performance Concurrency Reliable backup Client Side User Interface Forms Reports Queries Desktop Databases 1 User Runs the Query 2 Requests database from Server Database 4 Query is run Workstation 5 3 Entire Database is copied to the workstation Results are presented to the user Server Client/Server Database 1 User Runs the Query 2 Query is sent to the server Database 3 Workstation 5 4 Results are sent back to the Workstation Results are presented to the user Server Query is run on the server Types of Databases Relational Flat-File Hierarchical Relational Vs. Flat-file Database Objects COLUMN ROW COLUMN CA ALL CAPS DEFAULT TABLE Calculate Salary STORED PROCEDURE RULE VIEW • • • • • • • • • • Table Row Column Data Type Stored Procedure Trigger Rule Default View Index Data-Warehousing Vs. Transaction Processing Data-Warehousing Decision Support Systems (DSS) Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) Relatively fixed data Long running queries Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) Continuously changing data Updates relatively small transactions SQL Server works well with either applications Background on SQL Server & SQL History Position in the Market History of SQL – IBM 1970 SQL and SEQUEL ANSI-SQL, T-SQL / PL-SQL SQL Language DDL Data Definition Language DML Data Manipulation Language Brief History of Windows and Versions of Windows 2000 SQL Server Product Roadmap SQL Server 6.5 • Data warehousing • Internet support • Differentiation from Sybase SQL Server Foundations of each release: SQL Server 7.0 • Re-architecture of relational server • First to include OLAP in database • Auto tuning • Ease-of-use • Lowest TCO • Ease-of-Use SQL Server 2000 • Reliability and scalability advancements • Deep XML support • Data warehousing • SQL Server CE • 64 bit support SQL Server “Yukon” • Enterprise-class scalability • Programmability advancements • End-to-end business intelligence • Manageability • Support for multiple types of data • Performance and Scalability • Integrated Business Intelligence Versions of SQL Server 2000 SQL Server CE Personal Designed for Developers to be used on Single Machine Runs on Windows NT/2000 Standard Runs on Windows 9x/ME/2000 Pro No license required if you have Standard or Enterprise Edition Developer Runs on Windows CE Replicate data from Standard and Enterprise Edition Comes with most of the features for workgroups and departments Lacks dome enterprise level features Runs on Windows NT/2000 Server Enterprise: All features including clustering support, log shipping, parallel computing support, enhanced read-aheads, partitioning support, HTTP support, Very Large Database (VLDB) Support Runs on Windows NT/2000 Server Feature Personal Standard Enterprise Runs on Microsoft Windows NT 4 Server or Windows 2000 Server Yes Yes Yes Runs on Windows NT 4 Server, Enterprise Edition or Windows 2000 Advanced Server Yes Yes Yes AWE Support (Windows 2000 only) No No Yes SQL Server failover support No No Yes Supports Microsoft Search Service, full-text catalogs, and full-text indexes Yes, except on Windows 98 Yes Yes Maximum database size 2 GB 1,048,516 TB 1,048,516 TB 4 on all platforms except Windows NT 4 Server, Enterprise Edition, which supports 8 32 on Windows 2000 Datacenter Server 8 on Windows NT 4 Server Enterprise Edition and Windows 2000 Advanced Server 4 on Windows NT 4 Server and Windows 2000 Server 2 GB 64 GB on Windows 2000 Datacenter Server 8 GB on Windows 2000 Advanced Server 4 GB on Windows 2000 Server 3 GB on Windows NT 4 Server, Enterprise Edition 2 GB on Windows NT 4 Server Number of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) CPUs Physical memory supported 2 on all platforms except Windows 98, which supports only 1 2 GB SQL Server 2000 Clients Directly Supported: Windows 9x/ME Windows 2000 Windows NT Does not ship with 16-bit drivers, however you can use drivers from old version of SQL Server When correctly configured with Web Server, any client can access it Differences on Windows 9x Windows 9x Windows 2000 AS SQL Engine Runs as an application Runs as a Service Integrated Security No Yes Automated Alerts No Yes Maximum Users (Recommended) Five Unlimited (Limited by Hardware resources) Performance Monitor No Yes Special System Databases A new SQL Server 2000 installation automatically includes six databases: master, model, tempdb, pubs, Northwind, and msdb. master The master database is composed of system tables that keep track of the server installation as a whole and all other databases that are subsequently created. Although every database has a set of system catalogs that maintain information about objects it contains, the master database has system catalogs that keep information about disk space, file allocations, usage, systemwide configuration settings, login accounts, the existence of other databases, and the existence of other SQL servers (for distributed operations). The master database is absolutely critical to your system, so be sure to always keep a current backup copy of it. Operations such as creating another database, changing configuration values, and modifying login accounts all make modifications to master, so after performing such activities, you should back up master. model The model database is simply a template database. Every time you create a new database, SQL Server makes a copy of model to form the basis of the new database. If you'd like every new database to start out with certain objects or permissions, you can put them in model, and all new databases will inherit them. Pubs & Northwind The pubs database is a sample database used extensively by much of the SQL Server documentation The Northwind database is a sample database that was originally developed for use with Microsoft Access. Much of the documentation dealing with APIs uses Northwind, as do some of the newer examples in the SQL Server documentation. It's a bit more complex than pubs, and at almost 4 MB, slightly larger. The Northwind database can be rebuilt just like the pubs database, by running a script located in the \Install subdirectory. The file is called Instnwnd.sql. msdb The msdb database is used by the SQL Server Agent service, which performs scheduled activities such as backups and replication tasks. In general, other than performing backups and maintenance on this database, you should ignore msdb. Database Files A database file is nothing more than an operating system file. (In addition to database files, SQL Server also has backup devices, which are logical devices that map to operating system files, to physical devices such as tape drives, or even to named pipes. : Primary data files Every database has one primary data file that keeps track of all the rest of the files in the database, in addition to storing data. By convention, the name of a primary data file has the extension MDF. Secondary data files A database can have zero or more secondary data files. By convention, the name of a secondary data file has the extension NDF. Log files Every database has at least one log file that contains the information necessary to recover all transactions in a database. By convention, a log file has the extension LDF. Creating a Database The easiest way to create a database is to use SQL Server Enterprise Manager, which provides a graphical front end to TransactSQL commands and stored procedures that actually create the database and set its properties by Command CREATE DATABASE newdb Creating a Table Data Types Description bigint Integer data from -2^63 through 2^63-1 int Integer data from -2^31 through 2^31 - 1 smallint Integer data from -2^15 through 2^15 - 1 tinyint Integer data from 0 through 255 bit Integer data with either a 1 or 0 value decimal Fixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 +1 through 10^38 -1 numeric Fixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 +1 through 10^38 -1 money Monetary data values from -2^63 through 2^63 - 1 smallmoney Monetary data values from -214,748.3648 through +214,748.3647 float Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 through 1.79E + 308 real Floating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 through 3.40E + 38 datetime Date and time data from January 1, 1753, through December 31, 9999, with an accuracy of 3.33 milliseconds smalldatetime Date and time data from January 1, 1900, through June 6, 2079, with an accuracy of one minute Creating a Table Data Types Description char Fixed-length character data with a maximum length of 8,000 characters varchar Variable-length data with a maximum of 8,000 characters text Variable-length data with a maximum length of 2^31 - 1 characters nchar Fixed-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters nvarchar Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters ntext Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 2^30 - 1 characters binary Fixed-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes varbinary Variable-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes image Variable-length binary data with a maximum length of 2^31 - 1 bytes cursor A reference to a cursor sql_variant A data type that stores values of various data types, except text, ntext, timestamp, and sql_variant table A special data type used to store a result set for later processing timestamp A database-wide unique number that gets updated every time a row gets updated uniqueidentifier A globally unique identifier