Download Introduction to SQL Server 2000

Information Technologies
and Microsoft SQL Server
Day 1
by Alper Özpınar
[email protected]
Course Overview
 Introduction to Information Technologies
Historical background
 Data and information
 Data collecting and storing
 Data processing
 SQL Server
 SQL Server Technical Details
 Creating a database
 Security and users
 Table’s and data types
 SQL Language
 SQL Functions
 Stored Procedures
 Applications

Structure of World Economy
High Imperialism
1880 - 1914
World War I
1914 - 1918/23
The World
between the Wars
1918/23 - 1939
World War II
1939 - 1945
Post World War II
1945 - 1949
Industrialization
War Economy
Political Issues
War Economy
Political Issues
Demand >>>
Supply
Demand >>
Supply
The Early Cold
War 1949 - 1969
The Late Cold War
1969 - 1990
New World 1990
-2000
Technology Race
New Business
Structure
Globalization
Demand >>
Supply
Demand = Supply
Demand < Supply
Now
Demand <<<
Supply
Computers and Humanbeings
"I think there is
a world
market for
maybe five
computers."
Thomas Watson (1874-1956), Chairman of IBM, 1943
Computers and Humanbeings
"There is no reason anyone
would want a computer in
their home."
Ken Olson, president, chairman and
founder of Digital Equipment Corp.,
1977
Structure of old economy
The capital rise and grow
 Most of the producers have a local or national market
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competition, not more than a competition with
neighboring countries
Competition based on costing and quality
Product improvements still continues while the
product on the market
Products have a long market life
Product development includes continues actions
Structure of new economy
The information rise and grow

Competition

Competition in world markets
Management and control in a global marketplace
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Global work groups & delivery systems
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Products & Services
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Complex and variable
Short market life
Product & Service development processes are
mostly parallel and multidisciplinary
Structure of new economy

Weapons of the competitive market
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Perfection in product & service design
Creativity and Innovation
Flexible to the customer demands
High quality
New product development and entering the market timing
Limited employee knowledge base
Leadership
Structure of new economy

Production & Services
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Ready to work with uncertainty and fuzzy situations
Flexible network production
Distributed & Outsourced
All disciplines and departments works parallel in
production
Low capacity high flexibility
Cheaper
Faster
Durable
Reliable
Structure of new economy

Transformation of the Enterprise

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Flattening
Decentralization
Flexibility
Location Independence
Low transaction and coordination costs
Empowerment
Collaborativework and teamwork
Structure of new economy

New way of operating the business
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SCM (Supply Chain Management )
MRP ( Management Resources Planning)
MIS ( Management Information Systems )
ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning )
CRM (Customer Relationship Management )
...
Functions of Information Systems
Environment
Customers
Suppliers
Organization
Input
Processing
Output
Feedback
Regulatory Agencies
Competitors
Stockholders
Information Systems
Organizations
Management
Information
Systems
Technology
Key Systems in Organization
1.
2.
3.
4.
Because there are different interests,
specialities, and levels in an organization,
there are different types of systems in an
organization these are;
Operational-level Systems
Knowledge-level Systems
Management-level Systems
Strategic-level Systems
Time Sequence
 mid-1950s
 1960s
 1970s
 1980s
 1990s
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
MIS
Office Automation Systems
DSS
DSS Expanded
Commercial applications of expert systems
Executive Information Systems
Group Support Systems
Neural Computing
Integrated, hybrid computer systems
TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
KIND OF SYSTEM
GROUPS SERVED
STRATEGIC LEVEL
SENIOR
MANAGERS
MANAGEMENT LEVEL
MIDDLE
MANAGERS
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL
KNOWLEDGE &
DATA WORKERS
OPERATIONAL
LEVEL
SALES &
MARKETING
OPERATIONAL
MANAGERS
MANUFACTURING
FINANCE
ACCOUNTING
HUMAN
RESOURCES
Operational-level Systems
Support operational managers by keeping track
of the elementary activities and transactions of
the organisation. The principle purpose of
systems at this level is to answer routine
questions and track the flow of transactions
through the organisation. Covers things such
as sales, receipts, cash deposits, payroll,
credit decisions, flow of materials.
Knowledge-level Systems
Support knowledge and data workers in an
organisation. The purpose of these systems is
to help the organisation discover, organise and
integrate new and existing knowledge in to the
business, and to help control the flow of
paperwork. These systems, specially in the
form of collaboration tools, workstations, and
office systems, are the fastest growing
applications in business today.
Management-level Systems
Designed to serve the the monitoring,
controlling, decision-making, and
administrative activities of middle managers.
These typically provide periodic reports rather
than instant information on operations. Some
of these systems support non-routine
decision-making, focusing on less-structured
decisions for which information requirements
are not always clear. This will often require
information from outwith the organisation, as
well as from normal operational-level data.
Strategic-level Systems
Help senior management tackle and address
strategic issues and long-term trends, both
within the organisation and in the external
environment. Principal concern is matching
organisational capability to changes, and
opportunities, occurring in the medium to long
term (i.e. 5 - 10 years) in the external
environment.
Systems
Typically, an organisation might have
operational, knowledge, management and
strategic level systems for each functional
area within the organisation.
This would be based on the management model
adopted by the organisation, so, while the
most commonly-adopted systems structure
would simply follow the standard functional
model, structures reflecting bureaucratic,
product and matrix models are also possible.
TPS DATA FOR MIS APPLICATIONS
TPS
Order Processing
MIS
SALES
DATA
System
ORDER FILE
Materials Resource
Planning System
PRODUCTION MASTER FILE
General Ledger
System
ACCOUNTING FILES
UNIT
PRODUCT
COST
MIS
REPORTS
PRODUCT
CHANGE
DATA
EXPENSE
DATA
MIS FILES
MANAGERS
Decision Support Systems
Repetitive
Linear Logic
Regular Reports
No support of
Specialised heuristics
System makes
decision itself
decisions
No regular reports
TPS
OAS
MIS
ESS/EIS
DSS
KWS
ES
Decision-Support Systems (DSS)
Components of a DSS Decision
Maker
MMS
DSS
User
Management
Interface
Support Systems
DBMS
MBMS
Database
Model Base
Management
Management Systems
Corporat
e
Databas
es
Services
Models
and Aids
Mail,
News,
Discussion
Groups
Relations
ESS
MIS
KWS
OAS
DSS
TPS
 "There are two ways of constructing a
software design; one way is to make it so
simple that there are obviously no
deficiencies, and the other way is to make it
so complicated that there are no obvious
deficiencies. The first method is far more
difficult." - C. A. R. Hoare
What is a Database?
 The term database has fallen into loose use lately,
losing much of its original meaning. To some people,
a database is any collection of data items (phone
books, laundry lists, parchment scrolls . . . whatever).
 A record is a representation of some physical or
conceptual object. Say, for example, that you want to
keep track of a business’s customers. You assign a
record for each customer. Each record has multiple
attributes, such as name,address, and telephone
number. Individual names, addresses, and so on are
the data.
What Is a Database Management
System?
 A database management system (DBMS) is a set of
programs used to define, administer, and process
databases and their associated applications.The
database being “managed” is, in essence, a structure
that you build to hold valuable data.
 A DBMS is the tool you use to build that structure and
operate on the data contained within the database.
 Many DBMS programs are on the market today.
Some run only on mainframe computers, some only
on minicomputers, and some only on personal
computers.
What is SQL Server 2000?
 SQL Server is a client/server based relational
database management system
 Runs on Windows 2000 Professional, Server,
Advanced Server, NT 4, Windows 9x/ME or
Windows CE
 Included in BackOffice product family
 Include in .Net Servers family
Client/Server
Server Side
 Database Engine
 Security
 Fault-tolerance
 Performance
 Concurrency
 Reliable backup
Client Side
 User Interface
 Forms
 Reports
 Queries
Desktop Databases
1
User Runs
the Query
2
Requests
database
from Server
Database
4
Query is
run
Workstation
5
3
Entire Database
is copied to the
workstation
Results are
presented to the
user
Server
Client/Server Database
1
User Runs
the Query
2
Query is
sent to the
server
Database
3
Workstation
5
4
Results are sent
back to the
Workstation
Results are
presented to the
user
Server
Query is
run on the
server
Types of Databases
 Relational
 Flat-File
 Hierarchical
 Relational Vs. Flat-file
Database Objects
COLUMN
ROW
COLUMN
CA
ALL CAPS
DEFAULT
TABLE
Calculate
Salary
STORED
PROCEDURE
RULE
VIEW
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Table
Row
Column
Data Type
Stored
Procedure
Trigger
Rule
Default
View
Index
Data-Warehousing Vs. Transaction
Processing
Data-Warehousing
 Decision Support
Systems (DSS)
 Online Analytical
Processing (OLAP)
 Relatively fixed data
 Long running queries
Online Transaction
Processing (OLTP)
 Continuously changing
data
 Updates relatively small
transactions
SQL Server works well with either applications
Background on SQL Server & SQL
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History
Position in the Market
History of SQL – IBM 1970
SQL and SEQUEL
ANSI-SQL, T-SQL / PL-SQL
SQL Language
 DDL Data Definition Language
 DML Data Manipulation Language
Brief History of Windows and Versions of Windows 2000
SQL Server Product Roadmap
SQL Server
6.5
• Data warehousing
• Internet support
• Differentiation from
Sybase SQL Server
Foundations of
each release:
SQL Server
7.0
• Re-architecture of
relational server
• First to include OLAP
in database
• Auto tuning
• Ease-of-use
• Lowest TCO
• Ease-of-Use
SQL Server
2000
• Reliability and scalability
advancements
• Deep XML support
• Data warehousing
• SQL Server CE
• 64 bit support
SQL Server
“Yukon”
• Enterprise-class
scalability
• Programmability
advancements
• End-to-end business
intelligence
• Manageability
• Support for multiple types
of data
• Performance and Scalability
• Integrated Business Intelligence
Versions of SQL Server 2000
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SQL Server CE
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Personal
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Designed for Developers to be used on Single Machine
Runs on Windows NT/2000
Standard
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Runs on Windows 9x/ME/2000 Pro
No license required if you have Standard or Enterprise Edition
Developer
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Runs on Windows CE
Replicate data from Standard and Enterprise Edition
Comes with most of the features for workgroups and departments
Lacks dome enterprise level features
Runs on Windows NT/2000 Server
Enterprise:
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All features including clustering support, log shipping, parallel computing support,
enhanced read-aheads, partitioning support, HTTP support, Very Large Database
(VLDB) Support
Runs on Windows NT/2000 Server
Feature
Personal
Standard
Enterprise
Runs on Microsoft Windows NT
4 Server or Windows 2000
Server
Yes
Yes
Yes
Runs on Windows NT 4 Server,
Enterprise Edition or
Windows 2000 Advanced
Server
Yes
Yes
Yes
AWE Support (Windows 2000
only)
No
No
Yes
SQL Server failover support
No
No
Yes
Supports Microsoft Search
Service, full-text catalogs,
and full-text indexes
Yes, except on
Windows 98
Yes
Yes
Maximum database size
2 GB
1,048,516 TB
1,048,516 TB
4 on all platforms except
Windows NT 4 Server,
Enterprise Edition, which
supports 8
32 on Windows 2000 Datacenter
Server 8 on Windows NT 4
Server Enterprise Edition
and Windows 2000
Advanced Server 4 on
Windows NT 4 Server and
Windows 2000 Server
2 GB
64 GB on Windows 2000
Datacenter Server 8 GB on
Windows 2000 Advanced
Server 4 GB on Windows
2000 Server 3 GB on
Windows NT 4 Server,
Enterprise Edition 2 GB on
Windows NT 4 Server
Number of symmetric
multiprocessing (SMP)
CPUs
Physical memory supported
2 on all platforms
except Windows
98, which
supports only 1
2 GB
SQL Server 2000 Clients
 Directly Supported:
 Windows 9x/ME
 Windows 2000
 Windows NT
 Does not ship with 16-bit drivers, however
you can use drivers from old version of SQL
Server
 When correctly configured with Web Server,
any client can access it
Differences on Windows 9x
Windows 9x
Windows 2000 AS
SQL Engine
Runs as an application
Runs as a Service
Integrated Security
No
Yes
Automated Alerts
No
Yes
Maximum Users
(Recommended)
Five
Unlimited (Limited by
Hardware resources)
Performance Monitor
No
Yes
Special System Databases
 A new SQL Server 2000 installation
automatically includes six databases: master,
model, tempdb, pubs, Northwind, and msdb.
master
 The master database is composed of system tables that keep
track of the server installation as a whole and all other
databases that are subsequently created. Although every
database has a set of system catalogs that maintain information
about objects it contains, the master database has system
catalogs that keep information about disk space, file allocations,
usage, systemwide configuration settings, login accounts, the
existence of other databases, and the existence of other SQL
servers (for distributed operations). The master database is
absolutely critical to your system, so be sure to always keep a
current backup copy of it. Operations such as creating another
database, changing configuration values, and modifying login
accounts all make modifications to master, so after performing
such activities, you should back up master.
model
 The model database is simply a template
database. Every time you create a new
database, SQL Server makes a copy of
model to form the basis of the new database.
If you'd like every new database to start out
with certain objects or permissions, you can
put them in model, and all new databases will
inherit them.
Pubs & Northwind
 The pubs database is a sample database used
extensively by much of the SQL Server
documentation
 The Northwind database is a sample database that
was originally developed for use with Microsoft
Access. Much of the documentation dealing with APIs
uses Northwind, as do some of the newer examples
in the SQL Server documentation. It's a bit more
complex than pubs, and at almost 4 MB, slightly
larger.
 The Northwind database can be rebuilt just like the
pubs database, by running a script located in the
\Install subdirectory. The file is called Instnwnd.sql.
msdb
 The msdb database is used by the SQL
Server Agent service, which performs
scheduled activities such as backups and
replication tasks. In general, other than
performing backups and maintenance on this
database, you should ignore msdb.
Database Files
 A database file is nothing more than an operating system file. (In
addition to database files, SQL Server also has backup devices,
which are logical devices that map to operating system files, to
physical devices such as tape drives, or even to named pipes. :
 Primary data files Every database has one primary data file
that keeps track of all the rest of the files in the database, in
addition to storing data. By convention, the name of a primary
data file has the extension MDF.
 Secondary data files A database can have zero or more
secondary data files. By convention, the name of a secondary
data file has the extension NDF.
 Log files Every database has at least one log file that contains
the information necessary to recover all transactions in a
database. By convention, a log file has the extension LDF.
Creating a Database
 The easiest way to create a database is to
use SQL Server Enterprise Manager, which
provides a graphical front end to TransactSQL commands and stored procedures that
actually create the database and set its
properties
 by Command

CREATE DATABASE newdb
Creating a Table
Data Types
Description
bigint
Integer data from -2^63 through 2^63-1
int
Integer data from -2^31 through 2^31 - 1
smallint
Integer data from -2^15 through 2^15 - 1
tinyint
Integer data from 0 through 255
bit
Integer data with either a 1 or 0 value
decimal
Fixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 +1 through 10^38 -1
numeric
Fixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 +1 through 10^38 -1
money
Monetary data values from -2^63 through 2^63 - 1
smallmoney
Monetary data values from -214,748.3648 through +214,748.3647
float
Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 through 1.79E + 308
real
Floating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 through 3.40E + 38
datetime
Date and time data from January 1, 1753, through December 31, 9999,
with an accuracy of 3.33 milliseconds
smalldatetime
Date and time data from January 1, 1900, through June 6, 2079,
with an accuracy of one minute
Creating a Table
Data Types
Description
char
Fixed-length character data with a maximum length of 8,000 characters
varchar
Variable-length data with a maximum of 8,000 characters
text
Variable-length data with a maximum length of 2^31 - 1 characters
nchar
Fixed-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters
nvarchar
Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters
ntext
Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 2^30 - 1 characters
binary
Fixed-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes
varbinary
Variable-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes
image
Variable-length binary data with a maximum length of 2^31 - 1 bytes
cursor
A reference to a cursor
sql_variant
A data type that stores values of various data types,
except text, ntext, timestamp, and sql_variant
table
A special data type used to store a result set for later processing
timestamp
A database-wide unique number that gets updated every time
a row gets updated
uniqueidentifier A globally unique identifier