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PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS AND PRONOUNS • Nouns and pronouns make up the subject of the sentence. • The subject is what the sentence is about. • Nouns- People, places, things, and ideas • Pronouns- words that can stand in for nouns in a sentence NOUNS- COMMON OR PROPER • Nouns are classified as either common or proper • Common nouns are the everyday, generic versions (these are never capitalized) • • • state phone woman • Proper nouns are the specific name of a person, place, or thing (these are always capitalized) • • • Kentucky iPhone 6 Ms. Eveleth NOUNS- SINGULAR OR PLURAL • Nouns can either be singular or plural • Singular-means only one • • • Boy Book office • Mouse • Fox • Wish • Plural- means more than one • • • • Nouns follow specific rules to become plural. Boys Books Offices • Mice • Foxes • Wishes PRONOUNS • Pronouns can replace the nouns in a sentence to make the sentence easier to understand. • Common pronouns include: I, me, my, her, she, him, his, they, theirs, ours, them, us, you, it • Any word that ends in –self or –selves • Words like that, few, many, some, anyone, several, all, etc. are also pronouns • They take the place of an indefinite amount of things or people. PRONOUNS & ANTECEDENTS • Pronouns take the place of what? • Noun • The word that a pronoun replaces is called an antecedent. • Pronouns must always agree with their antecedents in: • Number (singular or plural) • Gender (he, she, or it) • Person(1st, 2nd, 3rd) POINT OF VIEW • 3 types of point of view • 1st Person • Use when talking about yourself • • • Those books belong to me? 2nd Person • Use when talking to someone next to you • • • I used the phone to call home. Would you like to go see a movie? Are those your magazines? 3rd Person • Use when you are talking about a third person that isn’t there • • • He has the best free throw record of the whole team. What is her favorite song? I can’t think of a better place for it. • The shoppers couldn’t find it car in the parking lot. • Ricardo liked the movie, but they liked the popcorn more. • When the bad news arrived, she came with some good news. WHAT’S A VERB? • Verbs are action words. A verb can express • A physical action (to swim, to write, to play) • A mental action (to think, to guess) • A state of being (to be, to exist, to appear) Jane walked to the store. We think you are incorrect. VERB TENSE (SIMPLE) • Different forms a verb are called Tenses • Simple Present Tense • Action that happens now or on a regular basis • She is teaching right now. • Simple Past Tense • Shows something that happened in the past • She taught this class last week. • Simple Future Tense • Shows something that has not happened yet • • Future tense is formed by using a helping verb like will or shall to the present tense She will be teaching for the next few weeks. REGULAR VS IRREGULAR VERBS • Regular Verb • To form the past tense of most verbs, add –ed • Jump → Jumped • To form the present tense of most verbs, add –s or –es. • Speak → Speaks • To form the future tense of most verbs, add a helping verb before the main verb • Fix→ will fix IRREGULAR VERBS • With irregular verbs, there is no rule... • Sometimes the verb changes completely: sing, sang, sung • Sometimes there is "half" a change: buy, bought, bought • Sometimes there is no change: cut, cut, cut ADJECTIVES • Adjectives describe, or modify, the noun or pronoun. • They Describe which one, what kind, or how many. The large dog chased three brown cats through a long and winding alley. • Adjectives usually appear next to the noun or pronoun, but can sometimes be in other parts of the sentence. WHAT KIND, HOW MANY, WHICH ONE? • Dan decided that the fuzzy green bread would make an unappetizing sandwich. • What kind of bread? Fuzzy and green! What kind of sandwich? Unappetizing! • Seven hungry space aliens slithered into the diner and ordered vanilla milkshakes. • How many hungry space aliens? Seven! • The most unhealthy item from the cafeteria is the steak sub. • Which item from the cafeteria? Certainly not the steak sub! FIND THE ADJECTIVES! *REMEMBER TO ASK WHAT KIND, HOW MANY, WHICH ONE?* • The star-shaped kite glided through the air. • Jennifer covered her bedroom walls with neon green paint. • The racing boat zoomed over the calm surface of the lake. • The cave was dark and cold. • Many fans turned out for the big championship game. ADJECTIVES TO HELP COMPARE • Adjectives help to compare two nouns. • Jane is shorter than her brother. • Shorter describes Jane in relation to her brother. • Fido has the largest bark of all the dogs at the park • Largest describes the bark of Fido in relation to the bark of the other dogs. • Use –er to compare only two things. Use –est to compare three or more things. • Use with small words (two syllables or less) • Big, small, large, short, tall, etc. COMPARING WITH ADJECTIVES • When the adjective you are using has two or more syllables • When comparing two things, use more or less. (comparative) • Wanda is more dedicated than Jamie. • Juliet as less experience than Romeo. • When comparing three or more things, use most or least. (superlative) • She is the most dedicated student I have ever had in class. • She is the least experienced candidate for the position. ADVERBS • Adverbs are words that modify, or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. • An adverb can describe how an action happens. • example: Jason quickly read the book. • How did Jason read? Quickly. • An adverb can describe when an action happens. • example: Emma left early. • When did Emma leave? Early. • An adverb can describe where an action happens. • • example: Lily and Ben played here. Where did Lily and Ben play? Here. COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE ADVERBS • Comparative adverbs compare the action of two people or things. • Sam ran faster than John. • compares the action (ran) of Sam and John. • Superlative adverbs compare the action (verb) of a group larger than two. • Sam ran the fastest of everyone. • Compares Sam’s action to everyone else's.