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Ecosystems and Communities
Chapter 4
Climate
• weather conditions in
an area year after
year.
• Includes
temperature,
precipitation, winds
and humidity.
• Temperature and
precipitation are the
two most important
climate factors.
Greenhouse effect
• Heat trapped in the
atmosphere by gases.
• Carbon dioxide,
methane, and water
vapor.
• Fig. 4-1
Effect of latitude
• Latitude and angle of heating make three
zones:
– Polar
– Temperate
– Tropical
Effect of latitude
• Fig. 4-2
• Which latitude is
the polar zone?
• Which zone
receives the most
light?
• What kind of light
does the
temperate zone
receive?
Heat transport
• Fig.4-3
• Wind currents are
warm air rising and
cold air falling.
• Where is the cold
water coming from?
• What else can
interfere with these
currents?
Biotic and abiotic factors
• Biotic-biological
influences on organisms.
– Ex. Plants,animals
• Abiotic- nonliving
influences.
– Ex.Wind,climate,rain,
temperature
• Habitat- area where an
organism lives.
Fig.4-4-What are the biotic
factors in this picture?
Niche
• Organism (occupation)
lives and uses physical
and biological conditions.
• Food, temperature, it’s
place in the food web,
and reproduction.
• Fig.4-5 What would
happen if two of the
warbler species occupied
the same niche?
Community Interaction
• Competition- organisms of the same or
different species use the same resources.
– Water, nutrients, light, food or space
• Predation-one organism captures and
feeds on another organism.
– Cheetah, sharks
Community Interaction
• Symbiosis- two species live close together.
– Mutualism- both species benefit.
– Ex. Flower and bee
– Commensalism- one member benefits and the other
is not affected.
– Ex. Barnacles and whales
– Parasitism- one lives on the another and harms it.
Ex. Tapeworms and mammals
Ecological succession
• A series of changes which occur in an
community over time.
Primary succession
• Fig.4-7- What types of animals would you
expect to appear at each stage and why?
• Occurs on the surface where no soil exists.
• Primary species- first species to populate an
area.
– Ex. Lichens
Secondary succession
• A succession that follows a disturbance in
community without removing the soil.
– Ex. Forest fires and farm fields
Succession in marine ecosystems
• Fig. 4-9
– What is found after the first stage?
– Bones
– What products are provided by bacteria in the
next stage?
– Energy and nutrients for new organisms.
Land Biomes
• Biome- group of ecosystems which have
same climate and similar communities.
• Characteristics of a biome* Climate- average temperature and
precipitation in a region.
* Ecological community- specific
organisms.
Class activity
• Fill in the biome chart
Tropical Rain Forest
• Abiotic- hot,wet thin poor
soil.
• Dominant plant- broad
leaf evergreen trees,
ferns,orchids
• Dominant wildlifejaguars,monkeys,reptiles
• Geographic distributionsouth and central
america,southern India
Tropical Dry Forest
• decidiuous
• Abiotic- warm,wet and dry
thin poor soil.
• Dominant plantdeciduous trees,
aloe,orchids
• Dominant wildlifetigers,monkeys,elephants
• Geographic distributionAfrica,Mexico,India,
Australia
Tropical Savanna
• Abiotic- warm,seasonal
rain,compact soil.
• Dominant plant- perennial
grasses.
• Dominant wildlifelions,elephants,eagles
• Geographic distributionAfrica,Brazil,Australia
Desert
• Less than 25 cm. rain.
• Abiotic- vary
temperatures,soils rich in
minerals.
• Dominant plant- cacti
• Dominant wildlifefox,bats,hawks,reptiles.
• Geographic distributionAfrica,US.,Australia,
Mexico
Temperate Grassland
• Prairies and plains
• Abiotic- seasonal rain and
temperatures, fertile soils.
• Dominant plant- perennial
grasses and herbs.
• Dominant wildlife-prairie
dogs,hawks,wolves and
grizzly bears.
• Geographic distributioncentral Asia, US.,
Australia.
Temperate Woodland and
shrubland
• Abiotic- hot,dry
summers,thin poor soils.
• Dominant plant- woody
evergreen shrubs.
• Dominant wildlife-foxes,
hawks,and rabbits.
• Geographic distributionsouth and north america,
Australia
Temperate Forest
• Coniferous and
deciduous.
• Abiotic- seasonal rain and
mild temperatures, fertile
soils.
• Dominant plant- conifers
and deciduous trees.
• Dominant wildlife- deer,
black bears,skunks
• Geographic distributionCanada,eastern US.,
Europe.
Northern Coniferous Forest
• Abiotic- abundant rain
and mild temperatures,
acidic soils.
• Dominant plant- conifers
and redwood.
• Dominant wildlifebears,elk,owls.
• Geographic distributionPacific coast nw.US.and
Canada.
Boreal Forest
• Taiga
• Abiotic- moderate rain,
long,cold winters and
acidic soils.
• Dominant plant- conifers
and deciduous trees.
• Dominant wildlifelynx,moose,beavers
• Geographic distributionNorth US., Asia
Tundra
• permafrost
• Abiotic- low rain, long,
cold winters and poor
soils.
• Dominant plant- moss,
lichens,short grass.
• Dominant wildlifecaribou, snowy owl, Artic
fox
• Geographic distributionNorth US., Asia, Europe
Other land areas
• Mountain ranges- colder temperature and
more precipitation changes plants and
animals.
• Polar ice caps- year-round cold limits
variety of organisms.
Aquatic Ecosystems
• Determined by: depth,flow,temperature
and chemistry of water.
• 3% of Earth’s surface is fresh water!!!
Freshwater ecosytems
• Flowing-water- rivers,
streams, creeks and
brooks.
• Fig.4-13
– Why would the amount of
living things be less
abundant?
– What adaptations would a
fish need to survive here?
Freshwater ecosytems
• Standing-waterlakes and ponds.
• Fig.4-14
– What might happen to
aquatic food web if
phytoplankton were
removed from the
ecosystem?
Freshwater ecosytems
• Wetland- an
ecosystem where
water covers or is
near the surface of
soil for part of the
year.
• Bogs, marshes and
swamps.
Freshwater ecosytems
• Estuaries – wetlands
formed where rivers
(fresh) and seas (salt)
meet.
• Salt marsh- tall
grasses
– Chesapeake Bay
• Mangrove swamptrees are short,
gnarled
– Florida Everglades
Marine ecosystems
• Classified by: photic, aphotic zones, depth
and distance from shore, intertidal zone,
the coastal ocean and open ocean.
• Fig. 4-17 How deep is the photic zone
What does the aphotic zone include?
Intertidal zone
• Organisms exposed to varied temperature and
sunlight conditions.
• Zonation- a banding of organisms in one area
caused by competition.
Coastal ocean
• Extends from low-tide
to edge of continental
shelf.
• Rich in plankton and
other organisms.
• Example: kelp forestFig.4-19
Coral reef
• Most diverse and
productive
ecosystem.
• Shallow water of
tropical oceans.
• Fig.4-20 In what
types of community
interactions are coral
animals involved?
Open ocean
• Oceanic zone
• Largest zone- 90% of
Earth’s oceans.
• Low nutrients,and
less producers.
• Ex: octopus, whales
Benthic zone
• Ocean floor
• Consumers only.
• Chemosynthetic
producers (no light) to
make energy.