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Semi-colon A semi-colon can link two complete sentences and turn them into one. The door swung open; a masked figure strode in. A semi-colon separates items in a detailed list. The attractions of the park included: a new roundabout; a short pony ride; a long slide and an ice-cream stall. Bullet points Bullet points are used to draw attention to important information. They are there so the reader can see the key facts quickly. Matilda was: · intelligent · caring · unloved Supporting your child at home Grammar and Punctuation Y1-Y6 The following guide is a useful tool to help you support your child with the grammar and punctuation aspects of the English curriculum. It sets out the objectives that most children should be able to achieve by the end of each year. In addition, there is an easy to use guide, with examples, to the sort of grammar and punctuation conventions that your children will come across during their time at primary school. The examples are there to help support you, however, the pupils themselves will come across increasing more difficult examples as they progress through school and their understanding develops. If you would like further clarification on anything within this guide, please speak to your child’s class teacher. 20 1 Year 1 Synonym By the end of Year 1, most children should know: · How words can combine to make sentences. · How to sequence sentences to form short narratives. · · · · · How to join words and clauses using ‘and.’ How to separate words with spaces. How to use capital letters, full stops, question marks and exclamation marks to demarcate sentences. How to use capital letters for names and for the personal pronoun ‘I’. What nouns, verbs and adjectives are. Words for pupils to know: · sentence · word · full stop · · singular · · plural · big, enormous, immense, colossal Antonym Two words are antonyms if their meanings are opposites. big – insignificant, miniature Ellipsis Ellipsis is the omission of a word or phrase which is expected and predictable. Looking around the room, he realised he was … alone. Hyphen Hyphens are used to link words and part of words: · letter · capital letter Two words are synonyms if they have the same meaning, or similar meanings. Contrast antonym. punctuation question mark exclamation mark - in compound words (sugar-free) - to join prefixes to other words (co-own) Colon There are three main uses of the colon: - between two main clauses when the second clause explains the first That is the secret of my extraordinary life: always do the unexpected. - to introduce a list The price includes the following: travel to London, hotel accommodation, and excursions. - before a quotation and sometimes before direct speech They shouted: “Our families are starving!” 2 19 Verb forms Present perfect tense expresses actions or events that began in the past and are still true or appropriate in the present time, or are now finished. I have walked to the park every morning. Formation: ‘has’/’have’ + past tense form of the verb Past perfect tense expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. I had walked to the park every morning. Formation: ‘had’ + past tense verb Present progressive tense indicates continuing action, something going on now. I am walking to the park every morning. Formation: ‘to be verb’ (present tense) +’verb –ing’ Past progressive tense indicates continuing action, something that was happening, going on, at some point in the past. I was walking to the park every morning. Formation: ‘to be verb’ (past tense) +’verb –ing’ Subjunctive The subjunctive verb form is used in formal language, and can be used to give advice or to talk about an unreal situation. Were I a little bit taller, I would be able to reach the shelf. It is vital that each child bring their own water bottle to school. Formation: For all verbs except the past of ‘be’, you use the same as the infinitive (basic) form. 18 Definitions and examples Plural A plural form of a noun is used to mean more than one thing. dragons, wishes, babies, wolves There are some nouns which don’t follow the rules and they are irregular. mice, sheep, geese, scissors Sentence A sentence is a group of words that expresses an idea or conveys a situation. A sentence must have: a capital at the beginning; a full stop, question or exclamation mark at the end and contain a subject and verb. It must make sense on its own. I went to the park with my friends. The children danced at the party. Punctuation Marks used to signal the end of sentences or enhance a sentence. ., ! ? “ ; : ‘ – ( ) - Question mark A question always ends in a question mark. What’s that? What time is it? Exclamation mark An exclamation ends in an exclamation mark. It also can be used for: An interjection - Wow! A command - Go away! To show heightened emotion – We love the new song! 3 Year 2 By the end of Year 2, most children should understand: · · · · · · · · · · What nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are. Subordination – using … when, if, that, because. Coordination – using … or, and, but. How to expand noun phrases for description and specification. (E.g. the blue butterfly, plain flour, the man in the moon.) How the grammatical patterns in a sentence indicate its function as a statement, question, exclamation or command. How to make the correct choice of present tense and past tense. The use of the progressive form of verbs in the present and past tense to mark actions in progress. (E.g. she is drumming; he was shouting.) The use of capital letters, full stops, question marks and exclamation marks to demarcate sentences. Commas to separate items in a list. The use of apostrophes to mark where letters are missing in spelling and to mark singular possession in nouns. (E.g. the girl’s name) Words for pupils to know: · noun · adjective · statement · suffix · noun phrase · · question · · exclamation · · command · compound · 4 · verb adverb tense (past, present) apostrophe comma Words for pupils to know: · subject · hyphen · active · semi-colon · object · passive · synonym · antonym · ellipsis colon · bullet points · subjunctive · past and present perfect tense · past and present progressive tense · Definitions and examples Subject The subject of a sentence is the ‘doer’. The girl threw the book. Object The object of a sentence is ‘being done to’. The girl threw the book. Active and passive voice A sentence is written in active voice when the subject of the sentence performs the action in the sentence. The girl was washing the dog. A sentence is written in passive voice when the subject of the sentence has an action done to it by someone or something else. The dog was being washed. The dog was being washed by the girl. 17 Year 6 By the end of Year 6, most children should know: · · · · · · · · · The use of the passive to affect the presentation of information in a sentence. (E.g. I broke the window in the greenhouse - instead of… The window in the greenhouse was broken [by me].) The difference between the use of informal speech or slang and that of a formal type of speech and writing. (E.g. the use of question tags… He’s your friend, isn’t he? Or, the use of subjunctive forms such as If I were or Were they to come in some very formal writing and speech.) How to link ideas across paragraphs using a wider range of cohesive devices: repetition of a word or phrase, grammatical connections. (E.g. the use of adverbials such as …on the other hand, in contrast or as a consequence), and ellipsis… How to use layout devices. (E.g. headings, subheadings, columns, bullets or tables, to structure text.) The use of the semi-colon, colon and dash to mark the boundary between independent clauses. (E.g. It’s raining; I’m fed up.) The use of the colon to introduce a list and the use of semi-colons within lists. The punctuation of bullet points to list information. How hyphens can be used to avoid ambiguity. (E.g. man eating shark or man-eating shark, recover or re-cover.) How words are related by meaning as synonyms and antonyms. The basics of using paragraphs as a way of grouping related material. Definitions and examples Noun A noun is a naming word. It is always a person’s name, place or a thing. The cat was sat on the mat. Embsay Primary School is in North Yorkshire. Noun phrase A noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. some foxes foxes with bushy tails Statement A sentence that conveys a fact or piece of information. Most sentences are statements. Berlin is the capital of Germany. It’s raining. Question A sentence that asks for information. Where is Mount Everest? Exclamation This is a sentence which expresses a strong feeling. It must start with How…! or What …! How lovely that is! What a laugh! Command This is a sentence that gives orders or instructions. Please sit down. 16 Come over here. 5 Compound A compound word is one that is created from two or more root words. Many English words are created in this way. It can be one word, two words or used with a hyphen. software, outrun, fire engine, one-way Adjective A word that describes a noun; adjectives make nouns more specific. a spotty dress Verb Dash A dash can be used to mark off information or ideas that are not essential to the understanding of the rest of the sentence. A pair of dashes can be used to surround parenthesis, or a single dash adds additional information to the end of the sentences. Thousands of children – like the girl in this photograph – have been left homeless. Sophie looked over the bridge – the drop was huge. Cohesion The box was wooden. A verb is a word that describes an action or a state of being. Every sentence must contain a verb. The man walks slowly up the hill. Sarah slept. Suffix A suffix is an ‘ending’, used at the end of one word to turn it into another word. Unlike root words, suffixes cannot stand on their own as a complete word. A text has cohesion if it is clear how the meanings of its parts fit together. Adverbials, pronouns and conjunctions are all cohesive devices. Ambiguity Ambiguities arise from sentence contradictions; the possibility of interpreting an expression in two or more distinct ways. They are cooking apples. care + less = careless - ly, - ness, - ful, - er Adverb The surest way to identify adverbs is by the ways they can be used: they can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb or even a whole clause. I arrived late. We live here. The dog was certainly fierce. Fortunately it didn’t rain. 6 15 Definitions and examples Past tense Modal verb Modal verbs are used to change the meaning of other verbs. The main modal verbs are will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must and ought. I should learn a great deal this lesson. I will go to school tomorrow. Relative pronoun Used after a noun to make it clear which noun we are talking about, or to add more information about that noun. that, who, which, whose, where Relative clause A relative clause is a type of subordinate clause. It adds more detail about the noun in the main clause. The dog, which was brown, growled at the cat. Parenthesis Parenthesis is a word or phrase put into a sentence to give more information. Parenthesis is used to explain what a difficult word means; show someone’s thoughts; add extra information; to help the reader or emphasise a point. The trainers (red and blue Nike Air) were very expensive. The trainers -red and blue Nike Air- were very expensive. Bracket Brackets enclose or surround information to show that it is separate from everything around it. They surround parenthesis. The past tense is when you are writing or talking about something that has already happened. The dog barked at the postman. Richard was cooking dinner. Present tense Verbs in the present tense are used to talk about actions happening now. Max hates carrots. I am doing my homework. Apostrophe An apostrophe can show where letters have been left out. I’m for I am An apostrophe shows possession. Hannah’s mother (mother belonging to Hannah) the girl’s name (singular) the girls’ names (plural) Comma You use commas: - in a list Mrs Twit was ugly, disgusting, dirty and mean. - to separate clauses (parts of a sentence) With a squeak, the squirrel pounced on the giraffe. The shoes (made of patent leather) were all scuffed and dirty. 14 7 Year 3 By the end of Year 3, most children should know: · · · · · · · How to express time, place and cause using conjunctions – (e.g. when, before, after, while, so, because), adverbs (e.g. then, next, soon, therefore), or prepositions (e.g. before, after, during, in, because of). Year 5 By the end of Year 5, most children should know: · · The basics of using paragraphs as a way of grouping related material. · How to use the present perfect form of verbs instead of the simple past. (E.g. He has gone out to play. Contrasted with… He went out to play.) · How to use headings and sub-headings to aid presentation. How to use inverted commas to punctuate direct speech. Use of the forms a or an according to whether the next word begins with a consonant or a vowel. (E.g., a rock, an open box.) Word families based on common words, showing how words are related in form and meaning. (E.g., solve, solution, solver, dissolve, insoluble.) Words for pupils to know: · adverb · clause · conjunction · consonant · · preposition · · word family · · prefix 8 direct speech vowel inverted commas · · How to convert nouns or adjectives into verbs using suffixes. (E.g., – ate; –ise; –ify.) How to use relative clauses, beginning with who, which, where, when, whose, that, or an omitted relative pronoun. How to indicate degrees of possibility using adverbs (e.g. perhaps, surely) or modal verbs (e.g. might, should, will, must). Devices to build cohesion within a paragraph. (E.g., then, after that, this, firstly.) How to link ideas across paragraphs using adverbials of time (e.g. later , before, then), place (e.g. nearby, far away) and number (e.g. secondly, finally) or tense choices (e.g. he had seen her before). How to use brackets, dashes or commas to indicate parenthesis. Words for pupils to know: · modal verb · relative pronoun · relative clause · parenthesis · bracket · dash · cohesion · ambiguity 13 Definitions and examples Definitions and examples A determiner stands before a noun and any other words; it specifies a noun as known or unknown. A preposition links a following noun, pronoun or noun phrase to some other word in the sentence. Determiner the robot a robot Preposition I haven’t seen my auntie since last week. a sock under the bed my robot Conjunction three robots There are two main types of conjunctions: this robot A conjunction links two words or phrases together. Pronoun A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. They are used instead of repeating the names of a person, place or thing. Rita loves playing the guitar. Rita finds the guitar relaxing. Rita loves playing the guitar. She finds it relaxing. Possessive pronoun Some pronouns show who something belongs to. They are called possessive pronouns. This is my umbrella. The umbrella is mine. Co-ordinating conjunctions (e.g. and, or, but) link two words or phrases together as an equal pair. You can have a biscuit or a piece of cake. Subordinating conjunctions (e.g. when, because, as) introduce a subordinate clause. While he waited for his mum, Patrick read a book. Word family Words that are related to each other by meaning, form or grammar. teach – teacher – teaching extensive – extent – extend Adverbial An adverbial can be an adverb, an adverb phrase, a preposition phrase or subordinate clause. It describes when, where, how or why an action is happening. A fronted adverbial comes at the start of a sentence and is followed by a comma. You probably won’t notice it after a while. Prefix A prefix is added at the beginning of a word in order to turn it into another word. un + happy = unhappy un-, dis-, im-, mis-, pre- After a while, you probably won’t notice it. 12 9 Clause A clause is a group of words which contain a subject and a verb. There are two types of clause: main and subordinate. Main clause A main clause makes sense on its own; every sentence has a main clause. Matthew ate a cake. Matthew ate a cake which was covered in chocolate. Subordinate clause A subordinate clause would not make sense if it stood on its own because it’s not a full sentence. Matthew ate a cake which was covered in chocolate. Direct speech Direct speech involves quoting exactly what a person says; inverted commas should be used around the direct speech. “Hello Sarah,” said Mike. “What are you doing here?” Consonant There are 21 consonants: BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ Vowel Year 4 By the end of Year 4, most children should know: · · · · · · · · How to expand noun phrases by the addition of modifying adjectives, nouns and preposition phrases. (E.g. the teacher expanded to: the strict teacher with curly red hair.) About fronted adverbials. (E.g. Later that day, I heard the bad news.) Use of commas after fronted adverbials. How to use paragraphs to organise ideas around a theme. How to choose the correct pronoun or noun within and across sentences to aid cohesion and avoid repetition. How to use inverted commas and other punctuation to indicate direct speech. (E.g. a comma after the reporting clause; end punctuation within inverted commas: The conductor shouted, “Sit down!”) Apostrophes to mark singular and plural possession. (E.g. the girl’s name, the girls’ names.) Standard English forms for verbs instead of local spoken forms. (E.g., we were instead of we was, or I did instead of I done.) Words for pupils to know: There are 5 vowels: AEIOU · determiner Inverted commas Mark the beginning and end of direct speech. Also, to be used if quoting a word or phrase from somewhere. “That,” he said, “is nonsense.” What does ‘adverb’ mean? 10 · pronoun · possessive pronoun · adverbial 11