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Egypt Study Guide Answers Textbook pgs. 38-67 (old book) 100-127 (new book) Vocabulary: cataract, delta, papyrus, hieroglyphics, dynasty, pharaoh, deity, embalming, mummy, pyramid, tribute, incense Cataract Steep rapids formed by cliffs and boulders in a river. Delta Area of fertile soil at the mouth of a river. Papyrus Reed plant of the Nile Valley, used to make a form of paper. Hieroglyphics System of writing made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the ancient Egyptians. Dynasty Line of rulers from the same family. Pharaoh All- powerful king in ancient Egypt. Deity God or goddess. Embalming Process developed by the ancient Egyptians of preserving a person’s body after death. Mummy Body that has been embalmed and wrapped in linen. Pyramid Huge stone structure built by the ancient Egyptians to serve as a tomb. Tribute protection. Payment made by one group or nation to another to show obedience or to obtain peace or Incense Material burned for its pleasant smell. Shadoof A bucket attached to a long pole used to transfer water to storage basins. Geography: think about your Egypt real estate flyer: delta, river valley, describe the flooding, defensive protection from deserts & cataracts, access to trade The Nile River floods gently on a regular dependable schedule that keeps the Nile delta soil rich and fertile. The Nile River Valley contains rich fertile soil due to the gentle flooding of the Nile River. The Nile delta consists of marshes that offered no natural harbors for invaders approaching from the sea. On both sides of the Nile River and Nile Valley there is desert. The Sahara desert lies to the west of the Nile and the Eastern desert lies to the east of the Nile and stretches all the way to the Red Sea. To the far south, the Nile’s dangerous cataracts blocked enemy boats from reaching Egypt. Early Egyptians were able to use the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea to trade with people outside Egypt. The Nile was also heavily used by Egyptians for trade and transportation. Early Egyptian Government: Need/purpose for Egyptians needed an irrigation system built and maintained. They also needed a way to store and distribute crops. Finally, they needed a way to settle disputes. Upper & Lower Egypt the Nile Delta). Narmer - Memphis Upper Egypt was located (up river) and Lower Egypt was located (down river at King of Upper Egypt who took over Lower Egypt and united both Upper and Lower Egypt. He ruled from Memphis and wore a double crown to represent both kingdoms. Khufu King or Pharaoh who the Great Pyramid was built for. Egyptian life: Social classes UpperThe Pharaoh and his family were at the very top of the Social Pyramid. Made up of Nobles, Priests, and other wealthy Egyptians who worked as government officials. They lived in cities and large estates along the Nile. Their homes were elegant homes with beautiful gardens and pools. They had servants who waited on them and performed household tasks. Men and women wore white linen clothes and heavy eye makeup and jewelry. Middle Skilled workers, including traders, shopkeepers, scribes and artisans. Lived in smaller homes, dressed simpler. Lower Unskilled workers and farmers. Some lived in villages along the Nile, in one room huts with roofs made of palm leaves, while others lived in the crowded city neighborhoods in small mud-brick homes with hard-packed dirt floors. They ate a very simple diet. Role of men and women Men The father was the head of the family. He taught his sons farming or skilled trades. Women Mothers taught their daughters to sew, cook and run a household. Women had more rights than females in most other early civilizations. They could own and pass on property. They could buy and sell goods, make wills, and obtain divorces. Upper class women were in charge of temples and could perform religious ceremonies. Religion Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses who they thought controlled the forces of nature and human activities. Re: sun god for harvests etc. Hapi: god of Nile River Isis: goddess of mothers and wives Osiris: god of the dead, afterlife Egyptians believed in a hopeful afterlife. They believed the next life was even better than this one because the dead reach a place of peace and abundance. They studied collections of spells and prayers found in the Book of the Dead, which they believed would help them obtain life after death. They believed that Osiris would meet then at the entrance to the afterlife. Those that were “good” and knew the prayers/spells were allowed in. They also believed that the spirit of a dead pharaoh needed a body to make the journey to the underworld, so they tried to preserve the body through mummification. If the body decayed, they believed the spirt would be forced to wander forever. In order to preserve the dead bodies of pharaohs, they used embalming. Embalming involved the removal of the body’s organs by a priest. After removing the organs, the priest placed them in jars for preservation. Then the body was rubbed with salt and allowed to dry. Next, the body was filled with spices and perfumes, stitched up, and wrapped in clean linen and oil. Medicine: Egyptians learned much about the human body as result of embalming the dead. Egyptian doctors became skilled at sewing up cuts and treating broken bones. They focused on treating particular parts of the body, which led to specialized medicine and doctors. Egyptian doctors used herbs and drugs to treat many different illnesses. They wrote about their experiments and medical techniques on papyrus scrolls, creating the world’s first medical books. Pharaohs: General responsibilities/life The Pharaoh guided Egypt’s every activity. His word was law. The Egyptians believed he was a god, being the son of Re, the sun god. He had government officials who oversaw things such as canals, planting crops, grain storage and collecting taxes. He was the first person to cut the grain to bring a good harvest. He drove a sacred white bull through the streets of Memphis, which the Egyptians believed would bring rich soil and good crops. He lived in a beautiful huge palace with his family, where servants took care of all their needs. When the pharaoh appeared in public, citizens were required to bow down and touch their heads to the earth. Major accomplishments of individuals: Ahmose Led a rebellion that drove the Hyksos out of Egypt. Egypt became richer and more powerful. Hatshepsut First female pharaoh. Focused on increasing trade, building the economy and restoring wealth for Egypt. Thutmose III Led aggressive wars of conquest. Expanded Egypt’s borders. Egypt controlled more territory than any other time before. Akhenaton Tried to change Egypt’s religion to worshipping one god, Aton. He neglected his duties and therefore Egypt was attacked and lost land. King Tut Became Pharaoh at the age of 10. Restored the old religion. Only ruled for 9 years until his mysterious death. Ramses II Extremely effective ruler. Launched huge building program and built several major temples. The last great pharaoh of Egypt. So effective and well liked that 9 other pharaohs later took his name. Pyramids: Purpose The purpose of the pyramids was to protect the bodies of the pharaohs from floods, wild animals, and grave robbers. Egyptians believed that the Pharaoh’s spirit needed a body to journey to the afterlife so they believed it was very important to keep the body preserved and protected. The pyramids also served as storage for all the things the Pharaoh might need in the afterlife. Major engineering accomplishments: Building pyramids led Egyptians to create advances in mathematics. They invented a system of written numbers based on 10 and also created fractions. Great Pyramid of Giza The great Pyramid of Giza was built for the body of King Khufu.