Download Greece packet

Name:____________________________________________Class:____________________Date:______________
Ancient Greece
1. Minoan (2000 BC - 1400 BC)
a. Geography: located on the island of _________________ (111)
b. King _______________(67), leader of the civilization
c. The civilization died out over a period of time either by invasion or a catastrophe of an _______________(68)
2. Mainland Greece/Mycenae
a. Geography: located on the Balkan Peninsula
i. Any place in Greece is no more than ______(111)miles from the sea
ii. Greece is surrounded by the seas, ______________, _________________, ________________(111), which
allowed for ______________ and _____________(111).
iii. Rugged mountains cover about ______% (111) of Ancient Greece.
iv. Only ______% (111) of the land is suitable for farming.
b. Early Settlers
i. Indo-Europeans (2000 BC)
1. They organized into tribes and clans
2. Nomads – learned to grow grapes, grains and olives
ii. ______________________(112) (1600 BC – 1200 BC)
1. Leader: King Agamemnon
2. Adopted many elements of the Minoan civilization
3. Religion: same as the Minoans
4. Trojan War:
a. Reason; economic rivalry and Persian Prince kidnaps _________________(113),
beautiful wife of the Greek king.
b. Result after 10 years, the Mycenaeans destroy the city of Troy by using the
__________________________________(113).
c. Homer, a Greek poet, wrote the ________________(114) and the ________________(114),
describing the war and the travels of Odysseus.
d. Economy based on the trading of grapes, grains and olives
e. ___________________________(113), a German archaeologist, discovered the possible site of
the city of Troy
iii. Dorians (1100 BC – 750 BC)
1. Mycenaean civilization collapses
2. Very primitive nomadic groups will invade with iron weapons
3. Beginning of the Dark Ages because economy will collapse and trade will come to a standstill
a. According to historians, the Dorians lost the ability to _____________(114), therefore little
is known about this time period.
3. Greek Culture:
a. Religion:
i. Greek Gods possess human qualities such as _____________, _____________, _____________(114).
ii. Greek Gods often quarreled and competed with each other.
iii. ___________________(114) was the ruler of the Gods. Greek Gods did not live in heaven, but on
Mount ________________________(114).
b. Greek word for city-state is ________________(115)
i. Influenced by geography, the city state will share certain features
1. small size
2. small population
3. ______________________(115), a public center
4. ______________________(115) a fortified hilltop
Ii. City states remained separate because of geography, jealousy, and differing personalities
c. Government:
i. City-states formed different political structures
1. King ruled government is called a ______________________(115)
2. A government ruled by a small group of noble and land-owning families is called an
_______________________(115)
a. Often gained political power after working in the king’s ___________________________(115)
3. A government ruled by a few powerful people is an _____________________(115)
a. Formed when wealthy merchants and artisans shared or took power from nobles.
4. Most Greeks looked down on all non-Greek foreigners, whom they considered to be
__________________________(115)
ii. Greek foot soldiers, called ____________________(115) formed a fearsome fighting formation called a
________________________(115).
iii. Powerful individuals called ______________________(116) gained control of the government by appealing
to the poor and the discontented for support.
d. Sparta
i. Geography; located in the southern part of Greece called ______________________________(116)
ii. Government:
1. Monarchy was headed by _________(116) kings, who had no power.
2. _____________________________________(116) proposed the laws.
3. Assembly of citizens voted on the proposed laws
4. 5 elected officials called ______________________(116) carried out the laws (powerful)
iii. Social classes:
1. _________________(116) were descendants of the original inhabitants and controlled the government.
2. Neighbors were free people with no citizenship
3. __________________(116) served as household servants
4. Most people were farmers
5. Helots and Neighbors outnumbered the Spartans 20 to 1
iv. Military Machine – “A city is well fortified which has a wall of men instead of brick”
1. Regulated the lives of citizens from birth to death
2. Sickly babies were killed
3. Role of male:
a. Age 7, went to live in _____________________(116)
b. Age 20, began military service until the age of 60
c. Age 30, married
4. Role of female:
a. Went through strict physical training to develop strength and endurance. As mother
of future soldiers, she had to be physically fit and trained in patriotic devotion.
5. Stressed absolute loyalty, courage, strength and endurance!
6. No major contribution achieved because intelligence achievements were not stressed
e. Athens – The birthplace of ____________________________(117)
i. Geography; Ionians settled on Attica
ii. Government:
1. ________________________(117) – rule by the people
2. Citizens participated directly in political decision making
a. Only ____________________________________________(117) could be citizens.
iii. Reformers:
1. ____________________(117) wrote the first legal code – the law was harsh
2. ____________________(117) outlawed debt slavery
a. Legal concept that allowed any citizen to _______________________________________(117)
3. _______________________(118) financed reform by placing a tax on agricultural production. He also
started a _______________________________(118) to provide jobs.
4. ____________________________(118) introduced a series of reforms that allowed Athenian
citizens to participate in a limited democracy. Only _______(118) of Athenian residents were
actual citizens.
4. Conflict:
a. Persian War:
i. First Persian War
1. Conflict began on coast of Anatolia when the _____________________________(118) revolted
against Persians and ____________________(118) sent ships and soldiers to give aid.
2 Persian King, ___________________(118) defeated the rebels and then vowed to destroy
_______________________(118) in revenge, but failed due to weather.
ii. Second Persian War
1. Persians were defeated in the battle of ________________________(118) even though they
greatly outnumbered the Greeks.
2. __________________________(118) ran 26.2 miles to give the news of the Greek victory, then
he collapsed and died.
iii. Third Persian War
1. Persian army now led by ______________________(118), son of Darius the Great.
2. Narrow mountain pass at _________________________(118) was where the Spartans, under the
the leadership of King Leonidas, attempted to hold of the Persian army. After 3 days, a traitor
showed the Persians a secret path that resulted in __________(118-119) 300 Spartans to die.
3. Athenian statesman, ___________________________(119) convinced the Athenians to evacuate
the city and fight at sea. The Battle of ______________________(119) resulted in an Athenian victory
because Persian ships found it hard to maneuver in the narrow channel. The Persians lost
___________(119) of their fleet.
4. The final battle was at _______________________(119) where the Persians were defeated.
iv. Consequences of the Persian war;
1. A new alliance called the ____________________________(119) was formed under the leadership
of _______________________(119). It brought Athens into a brief golden age.
5. Pericles:
a. Three goals of Pericles was: (120)
1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________(120); a form of government in which citizens rule directly.
c. For Pericles to finance his reforms, he used funds from the ________________________________(121) treasury
without approval of other members from the league.
6. Golden Age:
a. Architecture;
i. The ________________________(121) was built with funds from the Delian League. It was a temple to
honor Athena.
ii. The Statue of Athena was done by _____________________(121)
iii. The values of order, balance, and proportion became the standard of _____________________(121) art.
b. Drama;
i. The Greeks invented drama and built the first _______________________(121) in the west.
ii. The Greeks wrote 2 types of plays ___________________ and _____________________(122)
7. Peloponnesian War:
a. It was fought between the city-state of ___________________ and ___________________(123).
b. The advantage at sea belonged to _________________(123) and ___________________(123) on land.
c. Pericles strategy was to avoid __________________________ and to strike ___________________________ at sea(123).
d. Athens was greatly weakened by a __________________(123) that killed 1/3 to 2/3 of its population including
_________________(123). Athenians also suffered a major setback when they failed in their attempt to take Syracuse.
8. Philosophers:
a. The word ‘philosophers’ means _____________________________________(124)
b. Greek thinkers based their philosophy on two assumptions.
i. The universe is put together in an orderly way and people can understand those laws through
_____________________ and _______________(124).
c. ________________________(124) questioned people’s unexamined beliefs and ideas about justice and other
traditional values. ________________________(124) was one of the most famous Sophists who questioned the
existence of traditional Greek gods.
d. Socrates:
i. He was a critic of the Sophists. He believed that absolute standards did exist for _________________ and
________________(124). He also said the Greeks should question themselves and their ________________
_____________(124). Socrates developed a method of teaching called the ___________________(125),
which uses a _________________and_________________(125) approach. Socrates was brought to trial for
corrupting the ________________________________(124), but he claimed that his teachings were good
for Athens because they forced people to think about their ________________and___________________(124).
The jury passed a verdict of _______________(124) and Socrates was sentenced to ________________(124).
e. Plato
i. Plato was a student of ___________________(124). Plato wrote down conversations he had held with
Socrates. His most famous work was the ____________________(124), in which he describes his vision of a
perfectly __________________________(125). Plato opened a school called the __________________(125).
His writings will dominate Europe for nearly ______________(125) years.
f. Aristotle
i. He questioned the nature of the world and of ______________________________________________(125).
He came close to summarizing ___________________________(125) up to his time. He developed a method
of arguing called ________________(125). His work provides the basis of the _______________________(125)
used today. He opened a school in Athens called ________________(125). One of his most famous students
was _________________________(125).
9. Philip of Macedonia
a. Used phalanx, cavalry to defend his country. He will plan to invade Greece. Athenian orator
_____________________(128) tried to warn Greece of the threat Philip imposed, but Greek city-states could not agree
on a single policy. Macedonians soundly defeated the Greeks at the battle of ______________________(128), ending
Greece independence. Philip then planned to invade __________________(128) but was murdered by a former guardsman.
________________________(128) was then proclaimed king.
10. Hellenistic Culture
a. Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian influence is called _________________________(132)
b. The city of ______________________(132) became the center of the Hellenistic civilization.
c. _____________________(132) was an enormous lighthouse that stood over the Alexandria harbor.
d. Alexandria was also known for its famous museum and __________________(132), which was the first true
__________________________(133) in the world.
e. Astronomy
i. Aristarchus’ two significant conclusions were:
1. The sun ___________________________________________(133)
2. The earth and planets ___________________________________(133)
ii. ______________________(133) incorrectly placed the ___________(133) at the center of the universe.
iii. ______________________(133) closely calculated the earths’ true size. He claimed the earths’
circumference was _______________(133) miles, when it is actually 24,860 miles. His estimate was
within ______% (133) of modern calculations.
iv. ________________________(133) invented the system of longitude and latitude.
f. Mathematics and Physics
i. Euclid wrote __________________(134), which is still the basis for courses in geometry today.
ii. _______________________(134) calculated the value of ‘pi’, explained the law of the ___________(134)
and invented the _____________________(134) pulley and a _____________________(134).
g. Philosophy and Art
i. Two major philosophies that developed during the Hellenistic period are ____________________(134)
and __________________________(135).
ii. ____________________ developed stoicism, which is, the belief that divine power controlled the
universe. He proposed that people should live a life in harmony with natural _________(134). He preached
that vices should be controlled and that people should focus on the things they can _______________(134)
iii. Epicureanism was founded by ____________________(135). He taught that the universe was composed
of ___________(135) and ruled by _____________(135) who had no interest in ________________(135).
He believed that the only real objects were those the ___________________(135) could perceive. The
greatest good and highest pleasure came from virtuous conduct and absence of ____________(135). The
main goals of humans was to achieve harmony of ______________ and ____________(135). He
advocated ___________________(135) in all things.
iv. Two examples of Hellenistic sculptors:
1. ___________________________________________(135)
2. ___________________________________________(135)