Download 2015 Global Notes

2015 Global Age Notes
Main Idea
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I. Introduction
A. Italian city-states had a monopoly on
trade with Asia.
1. Monopoly is having complete control
over a product with no competition.
B. Explorers looked for ways around the
monopoly.
1. Portuguese and Spanish started
C. Had better ships and navigational tools
1. caravel-2 or 3 masted ship with sails
making it easier to sail into the wind.
2. cartographers-map makers that
plotted and documented new routes.
3. astrolabe-instrument used to
measure the latitude of sun and stars
to help determine latitude.
II. Portuguese Explorers
A. Henry “the Navigator”
1. Goal was to eventually send Portuguese
explorers to India by sailing around Africa
2. Henry sent explorers who charted the
west coast of Africa.
a. As a cartographer, Henry turned this
information into maps assisting future
exploration of Africa.
3. Created the first school of navigation.
a. Determining the direction to travel.
4. Henry sent many expeditions that helped
gain much information about Africa, but he
was never a part of them.
B. Bartholomew Dias
1. First Portuguese explorer to sail around
the Cape of Good Hope.
a. Southern tip of Africa
2. Eventually led to Portuguese reaching
India.
C. Vasco da Gama
1. Was the first explorer to get to India by
going around Africa
2. Gave people in western Europe a chance
to trade with Asia and not buy Italy’s
overpriced goods
3. da Gama’s crew was heavily affected by
a disease called scurvy, which is caused
by a lack of Vitamin C.
D. Ferdinand Magellan
1. Left from Spain with 5 ships and a crew
mainly from Spain and Portugal looking
for a strait around South America to
make travel to Asia easier
2. Found Strait of Magellan very close to
the tip of South America and sailed into
Pacific Ocean.
3. Misjudged the size of the Pacific Ocean
and therefore had a lack of food for the
journey
4. Eventually landed in the Philippines
where he got into a fight with the natives
and was killed
5. 18 members of his crew and one ship
arrived back to Spain
a. As a result, he was credited with being
the first to circumnavigate the world.
1. Sail around the world.
III. Italian Explorers
A. Christopher Columbus
1. Sailed from Sevilla Spain in search of
India by sailing west in 1492.
a. His ships were the Pinta, Nina, and
Santa Maria.
2. After 2 months and 9 days they landed in
the Caribbean, but thought they were in
Japan.
3. Explored many islands then sailed back
to Spain and reported his findings to King
Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella.
4. He is credited for discovering America
even though he didn’t know it initially.
B. Amerigo Vespucci
1. Sea captain who wrote about his voyage
to Brazil which was on the eastern side
of the Line of Demarcation
2. Cartographer used his descriptions of
the new world to publish a map which
he called America after Vespucci
3. His voyages tried to follow the routes of
Columbus, where he realized it was a
new world and not Asia.
IV. Line of Demarcation
A. Set by the pope dividing the
Non-European world into two parts
1. Spain had trading and exploration
rights west of the line
2. Portugal had trading and exploration
rights east of the line
B. Specific terms agreed in the Treaty of
Tordesillas
1. Signed between Portugal and Spain
in 1494
2. Made it obvious that European
countries needed to build their own
empires quickly
3. Line was unclear due to imprecise
geography
4. Territory to the west of the line was
Spain, and to the east was Portugal.
V. Northwest Passage
A. A passage some thought would take
traders around North America to Asia.
B. They were never able to discover a
Northwest Passage because the ice
blocked their way.
C. The land of what is today Canada
created a maze of passages where
sailors could easily get lost.
A. Explorers in search of Passage
1.Henry Hudson:
a. Visited New York Harbor and Hudson
River
b. Hired by the Dutch East India
Company
c. Hudson Bay in Canada and the
Hudson River in New York are named
for him.
2.Jacques Cartier:
a.Visited St. Lawrence River and Quebec.
b. He was French
c. Established French claims in Canada
3.John Cabot:
a. He was Italian, but sailed representing
England.
b. Visited Greenland, Cape Breton Island
and Newfoundland
c. Claimed Newfoundland for England
VI. Control of South America
A. Introduction
1. Desire for gold, glory, and gospel
a. Brought riches to Spain and Portugal
b. Brought misery to natives who were
exploited.
2. Power and wealth for Europeans; pain
and suffering for natives.
3. Spanish believed in practice of
encomienda
a. Had the right to demand work from
natives in South America
b. Catholic church frowned on this idea,
which led to increased use of slavery.
B. Hernando Cortes
1. Born in Extremadura, Spain- 1485
2. Led expedition to Yucatán Peninsula1518
3. Marched into Tenochtitlan, Mexico
4. Entered alliances to gain trust of Aztecs
a. partnership or friendship for common
goals.
b. Used alliances to gain trust and take
control of Montezuma, leader of
the Aztecs.
c. Was a conquistador, conqueror, and
took over Aztec empire.
d. Tried to force Aztecs to convert to
Christianity
5. Took control of Tenochtitlan, present day
Mexico City.
6. Gained many riches from Aztec gold.
C. Francisco Pizarro
1. Born in Trujillo, Spain in 1475.
2. Panama
a. his first expedition
b. it was a failure
c. Pizarro and his crew didn’t leave
immediately after
d. He was later elected Panama’s mayor
3. He found the Inca Empire on his second
expedition.
4. He was also a conquistador who took a
force of 200 men to Incan empire in Peru
5. Incas
a. Led by Atahualpa
b. Pizarro marches to the Incan Empire
c. Shows up at the Inca Empire during a
civil war between Atahualpa and his
brother
d. Captures Atahualpa & slaughters
millions of Inca natives
e. Took ransom from Atualpha and then
murdered him anyways
1. ransom is a payment demanded of
people to have something of value
returned safely.
f. He was later murdered at the age of 70
by Atahualpa’s cousin
D. Class System
1. In Spanish colonies classes of people
formed called:
a. Peninsulares
1. People born in Spain
2. Highest class in Class Systems
3. Filled highest positions in colonial
government and the Catholic
Church
4. Name refers to the Iberian
Peninsula
5. Often control or support an interest
in Spanish America
b. Creoles
1. American-born descendant of
Spanish settlers
2. Owned most plantations, ranches,
and mines
3. They were not allowed to hold
certain government or church posts
c. Mestizos and Mulattoes
1. Mestizos: People of Native
America and European descent
2. Mulattoes: People of African and
European descent
3. Made up the lower class
4. Reflected the mixing of populations
d. Native Americans and Africans
1. Made up the lowest class
2. Natives were able to participate in
elections for town council members,
but the positions were associated
with many families and clans.
c. Africans were slaves
E. Other Cultural Aspects
1. Cities became the center of life because
settlers would rather live in cities.
2. Arts, architecture, and education were
important.
3. Education mostly taught boys to be
priests and girls to be nuns.
F. Portuguese in Brazil
1. Portuguese first arrived in Brazil under
the command of Pedro Cabral.
a. After many successful battles against
the native Tupian Indians.
2. The Treaty of Tordesillas permitted
Portugal to claim Brazil because it was
east of the Line of Demarcation. (1494)
3. Traded gold, minerals, and brazilwood.
4. The importance of brazilwood
a. was used for the extraction of
valuable dye.
b. one of the only riches Brazil’s
lands offered.
c. harvested by the 4 million African
plus Native slaves on plantations.
G. Challenges
1. Spanish and Portuguese had early
advantages in exploration and
colonization.
2. English and French would follow
a. Used privateers-private ships hired to
attack Spanish and Portuguese ships
to steal cargo.
3. Would Spain and Portugal keep their
wealth and power?
VII. Control of North America
A. Introduction
1. Colonized slower than South America
2. Did not yield the gold and silver, but did
have other products to profit from.
3. Was dominated by French and English
4. Impact on native people was just as
devastating as South America
5. Europeans did learn farming and trapping
ideas from natives.
6. Many areas on east coast have Indian
names.
B. French
1. Only Catholics could go to the new world
as a “reward”.
2. Established New France
a. Territory stretched from Quebec in
Canada as far south as Louisiana.
3. Made money mainly through fur trading
and fishing.
4. Jesuit priests accompanied voyages to
New France.
a. Only Catholics were permitted to settle
here.
b. Therefore there were far fewer people
who settled New France in
comparison to the English settling
English colonies in North America.
5. Eventually lost most of their influence in
North America because of the French and
Indian War.
a. War was fought around the world.
b. Called 7 Years War in Europe
c. Fought between France and England
1. Indians also helped French
d. Today, Canadian Province of Quebec
remains French speaking while the
other 9 Provinces speak English.
C. English
1. Jamestown
a. On December 20, 1606, the Virginia
Company sent three ships, the Susan
Constant, the Godspeed, and the
Discovery, to the Chesapeake Bay
region for the London Company.
b. Colony created and financed by the
Virginia Company, a joint stock
company in 1607
c. It made money by growing and
selling tobacco
d. Tried other crops but didn’t work
in the marsh land
e. Survival in Jamestown
1. low survival rate
2. harsh winter with little food
3. Natives suffered from diseases
brought from Europe.
a. Had no immunity or
resistance to illnesses.
e. Was first English colony in America
2. Plymouth
a. Financed by the Plymouth Company.
b. Pilgrims sailed on a ship named The
Mayflower
1. Pilgrims sailed for religious
freedom because they did not like
the Anglican Church.
2. Supposed to arrive at Virginia but
ended up at Cape Cod
Massachusetts on December 21,
1620 due to bad navigation and
couldn’t turn back.
b. Mayflower Compact
1. It was signed on the Mayflower by
the 41 men on board
2. It was an agreement between the
pilgrims and it provided a simple
constitution for the Pilgrims to
follow while on the new land of
Plymouth.
3. Was a democratic document with
the people agreeing to enter into a
contract to follow rules so they
would have a better chance of
survival.
4. Became the foundation for
American government in the
future.
c. First Years
1. Suffered from diseases such as
tuberculosis/scurvy.
2. Problem solved when Samoset
and Squanto, 2 Wampanoags,
came into the village and showed
the Pilgrims how to grow crops
3. Due to successful harvest, they
had a 3-day celebration with the
Wampanoags that became known
as Thanksgiving
D. Effect of Slave Trade
1. Triangular trade
a. A triangle shaped series of Atlantic
trade routes linking Europe, Africa,
and the Americas
b. Atlantic slave trade formed one part of
a three-legged international trade
network known as the triangular trade
2. Triangular Trade Legs
a. First Leg- merchant ships brought
European goods including guns, cloth,
and cash to Africa.
b.Second Leg (Middle Passage)- the
slaves transported to Americas. They
were exchanged for sugar and
molasses, and also other products
owned by Europeans.
c. Third Leg- American goods shipped to
Europe where they traded at a profit for
the European commodities that
merchants needed to return to Africa.
3. Industries and Cities Thrive
a. The Triangular Trade was profitable for
many people, and merchants grew
wealthy.
b. Risks like losing ships at sea, money to
be made from valuable cargoes usually
outweighed the risks, and certain
industries that supported trade thrived.
c. Thriving trade lead to successful port
cities.
E. Results
1. Columbian Exchange
a. Refers to the exchange of animals and
plants that takes place worldwide.
b. Name for Columbus because he
started it.
c. Pumpkins, peppers, tomatoes,
potatoes, corn sent to Europe.
d. Wheat and grapes came from Europe
to New World. Bananas and sugar from
Africa and Asia.
e. Cattle, pigs, goats, chicken to Europe
and horses and donkeys.
2. Population
a. More food leads to an increase in
population.
b. Leads to exchange of traditions and
cultures in different parts of the world.
VIII. Commercial Revolution
A. Meaning of CR
1. A time period when the European
commerce system began to evolve and
change.
2. It was a new way of doing business and
trading that led to an increase in the
exchange of good worldwide.
3. There were many effects of the revolution
including inflation, capitalism, joint stock
companies, entrepreneurs, and
mercantilism.
B. Inflation
1. Definition
a. A rise in prices
2. Columbian Exchange
a. traded animals, disease, foods, and
silver
b. See notes above about the Exchange.
3. Food - Effects
a. led people to think that they could
have more children
b. Population Growth
c. food becomes scarce
d. this makes the demand for food
higher, so merchants raise their
food prices
4. Silver - Effects
a. Inflation!
b. devaluing of currency
c. Prices Rise
d. wages do not rise, causing a
large wage gap between merchants
and others
5. Was one effect of the Commercial
Revolution in the amount of money is
circulation
6. Price Revolution- period in european
history when inflation rose rapidly
C. Capitalism
1. Capitalism is an economic system in
which most means of production are
privately owned, goods and services are
spreaded equally through the economy
a. Main idea is everything is privately
owned allowing investors and
companies to make a profit.
b. In order for it to work there must be
competition between business
c. English Cloth industry was one of the
first to participate in a Capitalist way of
government
2. Many kings and rulers did not like
Capitalism because people were able to
go out on their own and make a profit.
a. Now all the money was not going to
the kings and rulers.
3. Was another effect of the Commercial
Revolution.
D. Entrepreneurs/Joint Stock Company
1. Definitions
a. Entrepreneur- A person who assumes
financial risk in the hope of making a
profit
b. Joint stock Company- a company
whose stock is owned jointly by the
shareholders.
2. Virginia Companies
a. Virginia Company of London and the
Virginia Company of Plymouth
b. Both joint stock companies and both
consisted of entrepreneurs
c. both companies goals were to colonize
North America
d. The Virginia Company of London was
given rights to modern day North and
South Carolina
e. The Virginia Company of Plymouth
was given rights to modern day New
England
3. Both were effects of the Commercial
Revolution.
E. Columbian Exchange
IX. Mercantilism
1. Began with Columbus bringing plants and
animals back to spain that he found in
America.
a. In the Americas, Europeans found
varieties of foods.
1. Two of these new foods, corn and
potatoes, became important foods
in The Old world.
2. Corn spread all across the world
and became of of the most
important cereal crops.
2. Europeans also carried a wide variety of
plants and animals to the Americas.
a. Grapes from Europe and bananas and
sugar cane from Africa and Asia.
b. Cattle, pigs, goats, and chickens,
unknown to the indigenous people,
became part of their main diet.
c. Horses also becam helpful to the
Natives for traveling and transporting
goods.
1. It also gave the Indians in the
north a new way to hunt buffalo.
3. The transfer of food crops from continent
to continent took time.
a. By the 1700’s, however, corn,
potatoes, manioc, beans, and
tomatoes were contributing to
population group around the world.
4. Not only did the exchange transfer food
and other tradeable goods around the
world, but it also carried diseases.
a. Europeans brought smallpox with
them to the Americas, spreading over
there as well.
A. Economic Theory thinking the country
with the most gold and silver would be
the most powerful.
1. It was the working of leaders (like
Kings) to stop small businesses to
start and to stop trading with other
countries in colonies.
2. Limited profits under Capitalism for
individuals and companies.
B. Wanted there to be more exports than
imports.
1. This meant the mother country
demanded the colony export raw
materials and resources, and the
import finished good.
2. Colony must trade with the mother
country and did not have the freedom
to trade with other countries.
3. Mother country was assured of profit
since it created a constant market for
their good while they obtained raw
materials for low prices.
4. Colony gained nothing
C. Traders must use ships of the mother
country which gave government more
control over trade.
D. Made the mother country wealthy at
colonies expense.
E. Because of the profits made during the
Commercial Revolution, Mercantilism tried
to create government control over all
business.