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2015 Global Age Notes Main Idea Details I. Introduction A. Italian city-states had a monopoly on trade with Asia. 1. Monopoly is having complete control over a product with no competition. B. Explorers looked for ways around the monopoly. 1. Portuguese and Spanish started C. Had better ships and navigational tools 1. caravel-2 or 3 masted ship with sails making it easier to sail into the wind. 2. cartographers-map makers that plotted and documented new routes. 3. astrolabe-instrument used to measure the latitude of sun and stars to help determine latitude. II. Portuguese Explorers A. Henry “the Navigator” 1. Goal was to eventually send Portuguese explorers to India by sailing around Africa 2. Henry sent explorers who charted the west coast of Africa. a. As a cartographer, Henry turned this information into maps assisting future exploration of Africa. 3. Created the first school of navigation. a. Determining the direction to travel. 4. Henry sent many expeditions that helped gain much information about Africa, but he was never a part of them. B. Bartholomew Dias 1. First Portuguese explorer to sail around the Cape of Good Hope. a. Southern tip of Africa 2. Eventually led to Portuguese reaching India. C. Vasco da Gama 1. Was the first explorer to get to India by going around Africa 2. Gave people in western Europe a chance to trade with Asia and not buy Italy’s overpriced goods 3. da Gama’s crew was heavily affected by a disease called scurvy, which is caused by a lack of Vitamin C. D. Ferdinand Magellan 1. Left from Spain with 5 ships and a crew mainly from Spain and Portugal looking for a strait around South America to make travel to Asia easier 2. Found Strait of Magellan very close to the tip of South America and sailed into Pacific Ocean. 3. Misjudged the size of the Pacific Ocean and therefore had a lack of food for the journey 4. Eventually landed in the Philippines where he got into a fight with the natives and was killed 5. 18 members of his crew and one ship arrived back to Spain a. As a result, he was credited with being the first to circumnavigate the world. 1. Sail around the world. III. Italian Explorers A. Christopher Columbus 1. Sailed from Sevilla Spain in search of India by sailing west in 1492. a. His ships were the Pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria. 2. After 2 months and 9 days they landed in the Caribbean, but thought they were in Japan. 3. Explored many islands then sailed back to Spain and reported his findings to King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella. 4. He is credited for discovering America even though he didn’t know it initially. B. Amerigo Vespucci 1. Sea captain who wrote about his voyage to Brazil which was on the eastern side of the Line of Demarcation 2. Cartographer used his descriptions of the new world to publish a map which he called America after Vespucci 3. His voyages tried to follow the routes of Columbus, where he realized it was a new world and not Asia. IV. Line of Demarcation A. Set by the pope dividing the Non-European world into two parts 1. Spain had trading and exploration rights west of the line 2. Portugal had trading and exploration rights east of the line B. Specific terms agreed in the Treaty of Tordesillas 1. Signed between Portugal and Spain in 1494 2. Made it obvious that European countries needed to build their own empires quickly 3. Line was unclear due to imprecise geography 4. Territory to the west of the line was Spain, and to the east was Portugal. V. Northwest Passage A. A passage some thought would take traders around North America to Asia. B. They were never able to discover a Northwest Passage because the ice blocked their way. C. The land of what is today Canada created a maze of passages where sailors could easily get lost. A. Explorers in search of Passage 1.Henry Hudson: a. Visited New York Harbor and Hudson River b. Hired by the Dutch East India Company c. Hudson Bay in Canada and the Hudson River in New York are named for him. 2.Jacques Cartier: a.Visited St. Lawrence River and Quebec. b. He was French c. Established French claims in Canada 3.John Cabot: a. He was Italian, but sailed representing England. b. Visited Greenland, Cape Breton Island and Newfoundland c. Claimed Newfoundland for England VI. Control of South America A. Introduction 1. Desire for gold, glory, and gospel a. Brought riches to Spain and Portugal b. Brought misery to natives who were exploited. 2. Power and wealth for Europeans; pain and suffering for natives. 3. Spanish believed in practice of encomienda a. Had the right to demand work from natives in South America b. Catholic church frowned on this idea, which led to increased use of slavery. B. Hernando Cortes 1. Born in Extremadura, Spain- 1485 2. Led expedition to Yucatán Peninsula1518 3. Marched into Tenochtitlan, Mexico 4. Entered alliances to gain trust of Aztecs a. partnership or friendship for common goals. b. Used alliances to gain trust and take control of Montezuma, leader of the Aztecs. c. Was a conquistador, conqueror, and took over Aztec empire. d. Tried to force Aztecs to convert to Christianity 5. Took control of Tenochtitlan, present day Mexico City. 6. Gained many riches from Aztec gold. C. Francisco Pizarro 1. Born in Trujillo, Spain in 1475. 2. Panama a. his first expedition b. it was a failure c. Pizarro and his crew didn’t leave immediately after d. He was later elected Panama’s mayor 3. He found the Inca Empire on his second expedition. 4. He was also a conquistador who took a force of 200 men to Incan empire in Peru 5. Incas a. Led by Atahualpa b. Pizarro marches to the Incan Empire c. Shows up at the Inca Empire during a civil war between Atahualpa and his brother d. Captures Atahualpa & slaughters millions of Inca natives e. Took ransom from Atualpha and then murdered him anyways 1. ransom is a payment demanded of people to have something of value returned safely. f. He was later murdered at the age of 70 by Atahualpa’s cousin D. Class System 1. In Spanish colonies classes of people formed called: a. Peninsulares 1. People born in Spain 2. Highest class in Class Systems 3. Filled highest positions in colonial government and the Catholic Church 4. Name refers to the Iberian Peninsula 5. Often control or support an interest in Spanish America b. Creoles 1. American-born descendant of Spanish settlers 2. Owned most plantations, ranches, and mines 3. They were not allowed to hold certain government or church posts c. Mestizos and Mulattoes 1. Mestizos: People of Native America and European descent 2. Mulattoes: People of African and European descent 3. Made up the lower class 4. Reflected the mixing of populations d. Native Americans and Africans 1. Made up the lowest class 2. Natives were able to participate in elections for town council members, but the positions were associated with many families and clans. c. Africans were slaves E. Other Cultural Aspects 1. Cities became the center of life because settlers would rather live in cities. 2. Arts, architecture, and education were important. 3. Education mostly taught boys to be priests and girls to be nuns. F. Portuguese in Brazil 1. Portuguese first arrived in Brazil under the command of Pedro Cabral. a. After many successful battles against the native Tupian Indians. 2. The Treaty of Tordesillas permitted Portugal to claim Brazil because it was east of the Line of Demarcation. (1494) 3. Traded gold, minerals, and brazilwood. 4. The importance of brazilwood a. was used for the extraction of valuable dye. b. one of the only riches Brazil’s lands offered. c. harvested by the 4 million African plus Native slaves on plantations. G. Challenges 1. Spanish and Portuguese had early advantages in exploration and colonization. 2. English and French would follow a. Used privateers-private ships hired to attack Spanish and Portuguese ships to steal cargo. 3. Would Spain and Portugal keep their wealth and power? VII. Control of North America A. Introduction 1. Colonized slower than South America 2. Did not yield the gold and silver, but did have other products to profit from. 3. Was dominated by French and English 4. Impact on native people was just as devastating as South America 5. Europeans did learn farming and trapping ideas from natives. 6. Many areas on east coast have Indian names. B. French 1. Only Catholics could go to the new world as a “reward”. 2. Established New France a. Territory stretched from Quebec in Canada as far south as Louisiana. 3. Made money mainly through fur trading and fishing. 4. Jesuit priests accompanied voyages to New France. a. Only Catholics were permitted to settle here. b. Therefore there were far fewer people who settled New France in comparison to the English settling English colonies in North America. 5. Eventually lost most of their influence in North America because of the French and Indian War. a. War was fought around the world. b. Called 7 Years War in Europe c. Fought between France and England 1. Indians also helped French d. Today, Canadian Province of Quebec remains French speaking while the other 9 Provinces speak English. C. English 1. Jamestown a. On December 20, 1606, the Virginia Company sent three ships, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery, to the Chesapeake Bay region for the London Company. b. Colony created and financed by the Virginia Company, a joint stock company in 1607 c. It made money by growing and selling tobacco d. Tried other crops but didn’t work in the marsh land e. Survival in Jamestown 1. low survival rate 2. harsh winter with little food 3. Natives suffered from diseases brought from Europe. a. Had no immunity or resistance to illnesses. e. Was first English colony in America 2. Plymouth a. Financed by the Plymouth Company. b. Pilgrims sailed on a ship named The Mayflower 1. Pilgrims sailed for religious freedom because they did not like the Anglican Church. 2. Supposed to arrive at Virginia but ended up at Cape Cod Massachusetts on December 21, 1620 due to bad navigation and couldn’t turn back. b. Mayflower Compact 1. It was signed on the Mayflower by the 41 men on board 2. It was an agreement between the pilgrims and it provided a simple constitution for the Pilgrims to follow while on the new land of Plymouth. 3. Was a democratic document with the people agreeing to enter into a contract to follow rules so they would have a better chance of survival. 4. Became the foundation for American government in the future. c. First Years 1. Suffered from diseases such as tuberculosis/scurvy. 2. Problem solved when Samoset and Squanto, 2 Wampanoags, came into the village and showed the Pilgrims how to grow crops 3. Due to successful harvest, they had a 3-day celebration with the Wampanoags that became known as Thanksgiving D. Effect of Slave Trade 1. Triangular trade a. A triangle shaped series of Atlantic trade routes linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas b. Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged international trade network known as the triangular trade 2. Triangular Trade Legs a. First Leg- merchant ships brought European goods including guns, cloth, and cash to Africa. b.Second Leg (Middle Passage)- the slaves transported to Americas. They were exchanged for sugar and molasses, and also other products owned by Europeans. c. Third Leg- American goods shipped to Europe where they traded at a profit for the European commodities that merchants needed to return to Africa. 3. Industries and Cities Thrive a. The Triangular Trade was profitable for many people, and merchants grew wealthy. b. Risks like losing ships at sea, money to be made from valuable cargoes usually outweighed the risks, and certain industries that supported trade thrived. c. Thriving trade lead to successful port cities. E. Results 1. Columbian Exchange a. Refers to the exchange of animals and plants that takes place worldwide. b. Name for Columbus because he started it. c. Pumpkins, peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, corn sent to Europe. d. Wheat and grapes came from Europe to New World. Bananas and sugar from Africa and Asia. e. Cattle, pigs, goats, chicken to Europe and horses and donkeys. 2. Population a. More food leads to an increase in population. b. Leads to exchange of traditions and cultures in different parts of the world. VIII. Commercial Revolution A. Meaning of CR 1. A time period when the European commerce system began to evolve and change. 2. It was a new way of doing business and trading that led to an increase in the exchange of good worldwide. 3. There were many effects of the revolution including inflation, capitalism, joint stock companies, entrepreneurs, and mercantilism. B. Inflation 1. Definition a. A rise in prices 2. Columbian Exchange a. traded animals, disease, foods, and silver b. See notes above about the Exchange. 3. Food - Effects a. led people to think that they could have more children b. Population Growth c. food becomes scarce d. this makes the demand for food higher, so merchants raise their food prices 4. Silver - Effects a. Inflation! b. devaluing of currency c. Prices Rise d. wages do not rise, causing a large wage gap between merchants and others 5. Was one effect of the Commercial Revolution in the amount of money is circulation 6. Price Revolution- period in european history when inflation rose rapidly C. Capitalism 1. Capitalism is an economic system in which most means of production are privately owned, goods and services are spreaded equally through the economy a. Main idea is everything is privately owned allowing investors and companies to make a profit. b. In order for it to work there must be competition between business c. English Cloth industry was one of the first to participate in a Capitalist way of government 2. Many kings and rulers did not like Capitalism because people were able to go out on their own and make a profit. a. Now all the money was not going to the kings and rulers. 3. Was another effect of the Commercial Revolution. D. Entrepreneurs/Joint Stock Company 1. Definitions a. Entrepreneur- A person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit b. Joint stock Company- a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders. 2. Virginia Companies a. Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth b. Both joint stock companies and both consisted of entrepreneurs c. both companies goals were to colonize North America d. The Virginia Company of London was given rights to modern day North and South Carolina e. The Virginia Company of Plymouth was given rights to modern day New England 3. Both were effects of the Commercial Revolution. E. Columbian Exchange IX. Mercantilism 1. Began with Columbus bringing plants and animals back to spain that he found in America. a. In the Americas, Europeans found varieties of foods. 1. Two of these new foods, corn and potatoes, became important foods in The Old world. 2. Corn spread all across the world and became of of the most important cereal crops. 2. Europeans also carried a wide variety of plants and animals to the Americas. a. Grapes from Europe and bananas and sugar cane from Africa and Asia. b. Cattle, pigs, goats, and chickens, unknown to the indigenous people, became part of their main diet. c. Horses also becam helpful to the Natives for traveling and transporting goods. 1. It also gave the Indians in the north a new way to hunt buffalo. 3. The transfer of food crops from continent to continent took time. a. By the 1700’s, however, corn, potatoes, manioc, beans, and tomatoes were contributing to population group around the world. 4. Not only did the exchange transfer food and other tradeable goods around the world, but it also carried diseases. a. Europeans brought smallpox with them to the Americas, spreading over there as well. A. Economic Theory thinking the country with the most gold and silver would be the most powerful. 1. It was the working of leaders (like Kings) to stop small businesses to start and to stop trading with other countries in colonies. 2. Limited profits under Capitalism for individuals and companies. B. Wanted there to be more exports than imports. 1. This meant the mother country demanded the colony export raw materials and resources, and the import finished good. 2. Colony must trade with the mother country and did not have the freedom to trade with other countries. 3. Mother country was assured of profit since it created a constant market for their good while they obtained raw materials for low prices. 4. Colony gained nothing C. Traders must use ships of the mother country which gave government more control over trade. D. Made the mother country wealthy at colonies expense. E. Because of the profits made during the Commercial Revolution, Mercantilism tried to create government control over all business.