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MORPHEMES ARE WORD PARTS THAT CARRY MEANING How many morphemes are in the following? True Truthful Truest Truthfulness Untruthfulness MORPHEMES ARE WORD PARTS THAT CARRY MEANING • Some morphemes can stand alone such as (House and Tree) • Some morphemes cannot stand alone and must be bound to other words (un, er, ness) Inflections and Inflectional Morphemes What is an inflection? Inflections are morphemes that change the meaning of the word in some way. • Example in a verb: WalkWalked (past tense) • Example in a noun: BookBooks (plural) • Example of possessive: StudentStudent s Some languages like LATIN are considered INFLECTIONAL languages. That means the meaning in a sentence is conveyed by endings on verbs, nouns, and adjectives. EXAMPLE: The sentences below all mean the same thing. Word order is not relevant. The endings(Inflections) convey the meaning. Agricola vidit lupum Lupum vidit agricola The farmer saw the wolf. (All say this regardless of word order) Agricola lupum vidit Unlike Latin, meaning in English is achieved through WORD ORDER. English contains both inflectional and derivational morphemes. English Inflections English inflections or inflectional morphemes • Past Tense for verbs • 3rd person singular for verbs • Plural noun (s, es) • Possessives for nouns ( s, s ) • Past participle of verb (ed) • Present Participle (ing) • Adjective Inflections (er/est) Note: Inflectional morphemes in English do not change the lexical category of a word. A verb is still a verb. (Walk/Walks/Walked) MORE ABOUT INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES • Inflectional morphemes can be characterized as affixes. • Each inflectional affix may be attached to many stems. • Inflectional affixes are generally suffixes. They are never prefixes. • A few are infixes such as goose/geese, and foot/feet. Derivational Morphemes While inflectional morphemes DO NOT CHANGE THE LEXICAL CATEGORY of a word, DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES CHANGE THE CATEGORY OF A WORD OR CHANGE THE MEANING OF A WORD. • English has a limited number of inflectional morphemes. • English has many derivational endings/morphemes DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES • • There are many different derivational affixes. (ment, ness, ize pre) Each derivational affix may be attached to relatively few stems. • A derivational affix derives a NEW PART OF SPEECH EXAMPLES OF DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES • Making verbs from other parts of speech purepurify gloryglorify widewiden (Note these are suffixes) • Making nouns from verbs Enjoy Enjoyment Activate Activation Abbreviate Abbreviation