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Phonemes • A phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinction in meaning. • These units are identified within the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). • Australian English uses 47 symbols to describe the consonant, monophthong and diphthong sounds used regularly by its speakers. Morphemes • A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. • A morpheme can be an entire word, or its constituent parts. • The way morphemes operate in language provides the subject matter of morphology. Morphology • Morphology refers to the branch of linguistics concerned with word formation i.e. how words are structured. • The term morphology comes from the Greek word ‘form’ or ‘shape’ Types of Morpheme • There are two types of morpheme – free or bound. • Free morphemes can exist on their own within a sentence – school, boy, lady, like. • Bound morphemes cannot exist on their own. They must attach to a free morpheme as an affix (prefix or suffix): dis-, anti-, -s. Classes of Bound Morpheme • There are two classes of bound morpheme – inflectional and derivational. • Inflectional morphemes modify the grammatical class of words by signaling a change in number, person, gender, tense, and so on, but they do not shift the base form into another part of speech. • Derivational morphemes constitute the second class of morphemes and they modify a word according to its lexical and grammatical class. They result in more profound changes on base words, which can include a change of word class. Inflectional Morphemes • Inflectional morphemes provide grammatical information, but they do not change the meaning of a word or its part of speech. -s -‘s -er -est -s -ed -ing -en plural (nouns) possessive (nouns) comparative (adjectives) superlative (adjectives) 3rd person singular present (verbs) past tense (verbs) present participle (verbs) past participle (verbs) Derivational Morphemes • Derivational morphemes are affixes that can change the meaning of a word to create a new one. Vaccine + ate = Vaccinate (Noun to Verb) Sing + er = Singer (Verb to Noun) Quiet + ly = Quietly (Adjective to Adverb) Pink + ish = Pinkish (Adjective to Adjective)