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Hello, Everyone!
Part I
Review
Review Questions
1. How are English consonants
classified?
2. How are English Vowels
classified?
Part II
New Content
Chapter 3
Morphology
3.1
Morphology
3.1.1 Open class and closed class
1. Open class words: or content
words, to which new words can be
regularly added
Nouns, verbs, adjectives , adverbs
2. Closed class words: or
“grammatical” or “functional”words,
to which new words are not usually
added
Conjunctions, prepositions, articles,
pronouns
3.1.2 Internal structure of words
and rules for word formation
1. Internal structure
Disapprove = dis + approve
2. Rules for word formation
Disapprove
approvedis
Definition
Morphology: the study of the
internal structure of words, and
the rules by which words are
formed.
3.2
Morphemes
1. Definition
The most basic element of
meaning is traditionally called
morpheme.
The smallest meaningful element
of language that cannot be
reduced to smaller elements.
(Bussmann 1996: 313)
2. Types of morphemes
1. Affix: Collective term for
bound formatives or wordforming elements that
constitute subcategories of
word classes. Affixes are
classified according to their
placement on the stem.
Types of morphemes
2. Prefix: Morphemes that occur
only before other morphemes.
(Bound morphemes that precede
the stem.)
3. Suffix: Morphemes that only
occur after other
morphemes.(Bound morphemes
that are attached finally to free
morpheme constructions)
Types of morphemes
4. Bound morpheme: Morphemes
that cannot occur “unattached”,
but always as parts of words.
5. Free morpheme: Morphemes
that can constitute words by
themselves.
6. Stem: Morphemes or morpheme
constructions on which inflectional
endings can appear
3.3 Derivational and inflectional
morphemes
1. Derivational morpheme: Bound
morpheme which change the category
or grammatical class of words.
2. Inflectional morphemes: Bound
morphemes which are for the most
part purely grammatical markers,
signifying such concepts as tense,
number, case and so on.
3. Stem: Morphemes or morpheme
constructions on which inflectional
endings can appear
3.4 Morphological rules of word
formation
Morphological rules: ways words are
formed
Un + ADJECTIVE = not – ADJECTIVE
Acceptable – unacceptable
Sad – unsad
Productive/less productive
3.5 Compounds
compounds: or compound words, words
formed by stringing words together
rainbow, pickpocket
a. grammatical category
b. stress
c. meaning
complementary
Contrast between Chinese
and English word formation
1. 汉语偏旁部首Vs英语黏着词素
汉
单字
人
心
水
金
语
英
偏旁部首
亻
忄
氵
钅
语
单词
黏着词素
man
heart
water
metal
anthrop-cord
hydro-ium
anthrop(o)
man
Anthropology 人类学
anthropocentric
anthropotomy
philanthropist
人，人类
1. His philanthropic attitude was widely
endorsed（认可）.
philanthropic: 慈善的，博爱的
2. Evolutionists hold that anthropoid is a
stage from which human has developed.
anthropoid 类人猿
3.The subject of anthropology can be
generally divided into two branches:
cultural anthropology and physical (体质)
anthropology.
2. 形声与会意Vs合成与派生
汉语
1. 形声法
形符 + 声符
义类 + 读音
例：湖、铀
2. 会意法
例：安好家
英语
1. 合成：词+词+……
playboy
forget-me-not
warmhearted
2. 派生：前缀+词根+
后缀
unfriendly, receive
hydrograph
3. 词素分析与词汇学习
1. 从结构上加以解剖
preposterous pre-poster-ous 反常的、愚
蠢的
2. 从形、音上与熟单词挂钩
depict
de-pict (picture)
3. 从词族上加以扩展
defer, confer, differ, infer, offer, proffer
4. 从单词的译文上加以对比
multilateral
synchronous
多 边 的
同 时 的
Homework
1. Review.
1. Review
exercises
2. Prepare L 16
(P40)
2. Prepare Chapter 5