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Section 1: Planetary Motion Rotation – the spinning of a body on its axis Orbit – the path that a body follows as it travels around another body in space Revolution – one complete trip along an orbit Kepler’s First Law of Motion – planets move in an ellipse around the sun Kepler’s Second Law of Motion – planets move faster when they are closer to the sun, and slower when they are farther away Kepler’s Third Law of Motion – planets that are farther away from the sun take longer to orbit it Law of Universal Gravitation – the larger the two objects are and the closer they are together the greater the force of gravity is between them Section 2: Days and Seasons on Earth Day – the time required for Earth to rotate once on its axis Earth’s Tilt – is what causes the number of daylight hours to change depending on the time of the year Equinox – the time when the sun is directly above the equator Solstice – is the time when the sun is farthest north or south of the equator Section 3: Lunar Cycles Phases – the different appearances of the moon due to its changing positions Waxing – the part of the moon reflecting sunlight appears to get larger Waning – the part of the moon reflecting sunlight appears to get smaller Eclipse – an event in which the shadow of one celestial body falls on another Lunar Eclipse Sun Earth Moon Moon Earth Solar Eclipse Sun Section 4: Tides, the Sun, and the Moon Tides – are daily changes in the level of ocean water The gravity of the moon pulls on every particle of the Earth. When part of the ocean is directly facing the moon, the water there bulges toward the moon. Tidal Range – is the difference between levels of ocean water at high and low tide Spring Tides – are tides with the largest daily tidal range: occur during new and full moons Neap Tides – are tides with the smallest daily tidal range: occur during first and third quarters of the moon