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Lecture Outline 1. Why take this Mammalogy course? 2. Why Study Mammals? 3. Approaches to Studying Mammals 4. Mammal Characteristics (continued in next lecture) Sept. 15, 2010 1 Why take Mammalogy 425? Add breadth and depth to your understanding of Class Mammalia. Integration – link what you have learned in previous courses into a comprehensive package. Sept. 15, 2010 2 Why Study Mammals? 1. Consumptive resource 2. Transport (domestication literally shaped society) 3. Pets 4. Recreation 5. Safety (direct and indirect) 6. Medicine 7. Ecosystem health (e.g., conservation) 8. Reflection Sept. 15, 2010 3 Consumptive resource Meat, hides, bones, fur, blubber, horns/antlers, & sometimes organs Sept. 15, 2010 4 Transport and utility Sept. 15, 2010 5 Pets 39% of US households have a dog 33% of US households have a cat http://www.thebarkleypethotel.com/accommodations/canine_quarters.aspx Sept. 15, 2010 6 Recreation and tourism 10.7 million hunters pursue big-game annually (USFWS 2006) Wolf-based tourism at Yellowstone = $5 mil Sept. 15, 2010 7 Safety Lions – 871 people injured or killed in Tanzania in last 15 years (NSF 2005) Tsavo lions = 140 workers in Kenya (1898) (Smithsonian.com) Njombe lions = 1,500 people between 1932-1947 (Smithsonian.com) Leopard of Rudraprayag – 125 victims (1918-1926) Leopard of Panar – killed 400 (1940s) Tigers Champawat Tigress (early 1900s)– killed 200 people in Nepal and another 236 in India before she was tracked down an killed. Bear Mother grizzly mauls 3 in Montana (7/2010) Mother grizzly attackes 3 bikers in Anchorage (7/2010) Grizzly attacks geologist in Alaska Range (6/2010) Grizzly attacks biker in Anchorage (6/2010) Sept. 15, 2010 8 Safety (cont.) Vectors or reservoirs of human disease The Plague (rats and prairie dogs) Hantavirus (rodents) Lyme disease (deer) Ebola (monkeys) Rabies (raccoons, skunks, fox, dogs,…) Sept. 15, 2010 9 Medicine Animal testing Development of treatments Ensure safety of food and drugs Traditional Chinese Medicine (TMC) 700 kg of bear gall bladder each year (1 bear gall bladder = 50g) (Yaoting 1994). Deer antler and velvet = arthritis, stress, depression, sexual disorders,… Tiger penis Sept. 15, 2010 10 Ecosystem health Conservation Preserve biodiversity – core of life Prevent more extinctions Saudi Gazelle (extinct 2008) Sound management requires rigorous research and knowledge Sept. 15, 2010 11 Environmental damage and human conflict Crop damage Invasive species Rat Island in Alaska http://aprn.org/2010/09/01/ratseliminated-from-aleutian-island/ Fox removal Livestock predation Predator control Sept. 15, 2010 12 Reflection By learning more about other mammals, we learn more about humankind. “A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.” Aldo Leopold “It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to change.” Charles Darwin. Sept. 15, 2010 13 Approaches to studying mammals 1. Field methods 2. Lab & Museum methods (Sept. 28 lab) 3. Systematic methods Sept. 15, 2010 14 Field Capture & Marking Trapping Net gunning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAj9GvCpCS8&feature=related Tranquilizer darts Hair snares http://gallery.usgs.gov/videos/15 Feces Physical features (whale fins) Tags (implants, ear clips) Radiocollars Sept. 15, 2010 15 Surveying & monitoring Radiotelemetry (VHF and GPS) Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags Powdertracking Fecal pellet surveys Track surveys Genetics Feces, hair, bones Sept. 15, 2010 16 Observation (Ex. LARS, Denali) Focal animal sampling – recording specific behaviors or watching a specific individual Scan sampling – recording behavior at predetermined intervals Sept. 15, 2010 17 Laboratory methods Physiological – study of how tissues and organs function Nutrition Metabolism Reproduction Genetics Population structure and dynamics Speciation Phylogeny Sept. 15, 2010 18 Sept. 15, 2010 19 Sept. 15, 2010 20 DNA-filled coating DEER PELLET Sept. 15, 2010 21 Extract DNA Sept. 15, 2010 22 Microsatellite Markers Isolate pieces of DNA that are unique among individual deer Sept. 15, 2010 23 Investigate population dynamics Abundance, survival, movement Determine phylogeny and phylogeography AND…the technology will only improve! Sept. 15, 2010 24 Systematic Methods Systematics: The field of biology that deals with the diversity of living organisms, usually divided into the two subdisciplines of taxonomy and phylogenetics. Taxonomy: The science of describing, naming, and classifying (grouping) organisms. Taxon (plural: taxa): Any named group of organisms (not necessarily a clade). A subspecies respresents a "taxon," as does every hierarchical level up to Kingdom. Phylogenetics: The field of biology that deals with the relationships between organisms, including the discovery of these relationships and the study of the causes (e.g., evolution) behind theseSept. patterns. 15, 2010 25 Systematic methods Intraspecific variation – morphological, physiological, behavioral, and spatial differences within a species. Intraspecific phylogeography – geographic distribution of genealogical lineages within a species. Species boundaries – identifying units of biodiversity Classification – grouping species into progressively more inclusive categories. Sept. 15, 2010 26 What’s a mammal? CLASSIFICATION: The process and practice of describing, defining and ranking taxa within a hierarchical series of groups; permits organizing and ordering knowledge about organisms, and creates a simplified language for conveying information about order in the diversity of life. In biology, we use the Linnean classification hierarchy (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species). Sept. 15, 2010 27 Simply… Classification = grouping species into progressively more inclusive categories. Sept. 15, 2010 28 What’s a mammal? Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Chordata Subphylum = Vertebrata Class = Mammalia Order = Primates Family = Hominidae Genus = Homo Species = sapiens Orders = 26 Species ≈ 5000 Sept. 15, 2010 29 Alaska tiny shrew Sept. 15, 2010 30 Unique features (soft anatomy) Hair Mammary glands Four chambered heart with left aortic arch Enucleated red blood cells Muscular diaphragm Sept. 15, 2010 31 Hair (fur or pelage) Insulation Protection Camouflage Sensory Sept. 15, 2010 32 Mammal hair: invagination Bird feather: evagination Dermal vs. Epidermal Sept. 15, 2010 33 Mammary glands Highly modified sweat glands Produce milk (mostly female) Number & location varies Located high on side Sept. 15, 2010 34 Mammary glands - structural variation Hairs Nipples (most mammals) Sept. 15, 2010 Teat (e.g., cows) 35 4-chambered heart with functional left aortic arch Sept. 15, 2010 36 Enucleated red blood cells Muscular diaphragm Sept. 15, 2010 37 Common features (but not unique or not found in all mammals) 1. 2. Endothermy (birds) Give birth to live young (reptiles, fish,..) Sept. 15, 2010 38 Next Lecture Common features of mammals (skeletal) Evolution Sept. 15, 2010 39 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LU8DDYz68kM Sept. 15, 2010 40