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APES Study Guide
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Unit 4: Earth Systems and Resources – Chapter 8
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A horizon
Acid rain/precipitation
Asthenosphere
B horizon
Base saturation
C horizon
Cation exchange capacity
(CEC)
Chemical weathering
Convergent plate
boundaries
Core
Crust
Crustal abundance
Deposition
Divergent plate boundaries
E horizon
Earthquakes
Epicenter
Erosion
Extrusive igneous rock
Fault
Fault zones
Fracture
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Horizon
Hot spots
Igneous rock
Intrusive igneous rock
Lithosphere
Magma
Mantle
Metals
Metamorphic rock
Minerals
Mining spoils
Mountaintop removal
Physical weathering
Placer mining
O Horizon
Open pit mining
Ores
Organic layer
Parent material
Physical weathering
Plate tectonics
Porosity
Reserve
Richter scale
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Rock cycle
Seafloor spreading
Sedimentary rock
Seismic activity
Soil
Soil acids
Soil bases
Soil degradation
Strip mining
Subduction
Subsoil
Subsurface mining
Surface mining
Tailings
Tectonic cycle
Texture
Topography
Topsoil
Transform fault boundary
Volcano
Waterlogging
Weathering
Study Guide Questions (SGQ):
Chapter 8 – Answer the questions below in complete sentences on separate sheets of paper.
1. Describe the 5 layers of Earth.
2. Explain the theory of plate tectonics. What drives this cycle?
3. Describe the three different types of plate contacts. What occurs at these boundaries?
4. What is the rock cycle? Describe the three main rock types and how they are formed.
5. Explain the difference between weathering and erosion.
6. Distinguish between chemical weathering and physical weathering.
7. How is soil formed?
8. What benefits to the ecosystem are provided by soil?
9. Describe the major soil horizons and explain how they are related to one another.
10. Describe the major soil properties (include physical, chemical, and biological).
11. What are causes of soil degradation?
12. What ecosystem services are provided by soil?
13. Why are economically valuable mineral resources distributed unevenly on earth?
14. Distinguish between the various types of mining.
15. Analyze the impacts of mining on natural ecosystems as well as on human health.
Summarize the following Case Studies:
Chapter 8, p. 207 – Hybrid Electric Vehicles and the Environment
Chapter 8, p. 229 – Mine Reclamation and Biodiversity
Unit 4: Chapter 9: Water
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1. What percentage of the Earth’s water is fresh water? Where is that water stored?
2. Explain the different types of aquifers and how they recharge.
3. Define a cone of depression and explain how it could be related to the tragedy of the commons.
4. Explain the difference between oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes. What are the primary limiting
nutrients in oligotrophic lakes?
5. Explain how humans change the nitrogen cycle in ways that lead to eutrophication.
6. What are some negative effects caused by droughts? Explain how human activities can
contribute to these negative effects.
7. Describe how humans alter the availability of water through levees, dikes, and dams.
8. What problem do dams create for fish and how can we solve it?
9. What method have economically disadvantaged countries, such as many countries in the Middle
East, started to use to acquire freshwater in arid areas? Describe both processes used.
10. What is the largest use of freshwater in the world? How much water is needed to produce a
metric ton of grain?
11. Briefly explain the 4 techniques of irrigation.
12. What is hydroponic agriculture and how is it beneficial?
13. Why do you think people in California use much more water than others around the country
(such as in Pennsylvania)?
14. What is one problem with California water ownership?
15. Give three ways that we could conserve water more efficiently than we are now.
16. What is gray water?
VOCABULARY TERMS
• Algal Bloom
• Aqueducts
• Aquifers
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Cone Of Depression
• Confined Aquifers
• Cultural Eutrophication
• Dam
• Desalinization
• Dikes
• Eutrophication
• Fish Ladders
Summarize each of the following case studies:
1. Dams and Salmon on the Klamath River – p. 235
2. Is the Water in Your Toilet Too Clean? – p. 252
• Floodplain
• Gray water
• Hydroponic Agriculture
• Impermeable Surfaces
• Levee
• Oligotrophic
• Recharge
• Reservoir
• Saltwater Intrusion
• Springs
• Unconfined Aquifers
• Water Table