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APES Study Guide Name ________________________ Period ______ Unit 4: Earth Systems and Resources – Chapter 8 A horizon Acid rain/precipitation Asthenosphere B horizon Base saturation C horizon Cation exchange capacity (CEC) Chemical weathering Convergent plate boundaries Core Crust Crustal abundance Deposition Divergent plate boundaries E horizon Earthquakes Epicenter Erosion Extrusive igneous rock Fault Fault zones Fracture Horizon Hot spots Igneous rock Intrusive igneous rock Lithosphere Magma Mantle Metals Metamorphic rock Minerals Mining spoils Mountaintop removal Physical weathering Placer mining O Horizon Open pit mining Ores Organic layer Parent material Physical weathering Plate tectonics Porosity Reserve Richter scale Rock cycle Seafloor spreading Sedimentary rock Seismic activity Soil Soil acids Soil bases Soil degradation Strip mining Subduction Subsoil Subsurface mining Surface mining Tailings Tectonic cycle Texture Topography Topsoil Transform fault boundary Volcano Waterlogging Weathering Study Guide Questions (SGQ): Chapter 8 – Answer the questions below in complete sentences on separate sheets of paper. 1. Describe the 5 layers of Earth. 2. Explain the theory of plate tectonics. What drives this cycle? 3. Describe the three different types of plate contacts. What occurs at these boundaries? 4. What is the rock cycle? Describe the three main rock types and how they are formed. 5. Explain the difference between weathering and erosion. 6. Distinguish between chemical weathering and physical weathering. 7. How is soil formed? 8. What benefits to the ecosystem are provided by soil? 9. Describe the major soil horizons and explain how they are related to one another. 10. Describe the major soil properties (include physical, chemical, and biological). 11. What are causes of soil degradation? 12. What ecosystem services are provided by soil? 13. Why are economically valuable mineral resources distributed unevenly on earth? 14. Distinguish between the various types of mining. 15. Analyze the impacts of mining on natural ecosystems as well as on human health. Summarize the following Case Studies: Chapter 8, p. 207 – Hybrid Electric Vehicles and the Environment Chapter 8, p. 229 – Mine Reclamation and Biodiversity Unit 4: Chapter 9: Water ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 1. What percentage of the Earth’s water is fresh water? Where is that water stored? 2. Explain the different types of aquifers and how they recharge. 3. Define a cone of depression and explain how it could be related to the tragedy of the commons. 4. Explain the difference between oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes. What are the primary limiting nutrients in oligotrophic lakes? 5. Explain how humans change the nitrogen cycle in ways that lead to eutrophication. 6. What are some negative effects caused by droughts? Explain how human activities can contribute to these negative effects. 7. Describe how humans alter the availability of water through levees, dikes, and dams. 8. What problem do dams create for fish and how can we solve it? 9. What method have economically disadvantaged countries, such as many countries in the Middle East, started to use to acquire freshwater in arid areas? Describe both processes used. 10. What is the largest use of freshwater in the world? How much water is needed to produce a metric ton of grain? 11. Briefly explain the 4 techniques of irrigation. 12. What is hydroponic agriculture and how is it beneficial? 13. Why do you think people in California use much more water than others around the country (such as in Pennsylvania)? 14. What is one problem with California water ownership? 15. Give three ways that we could conserve water more efficiently than we are now. 16. What is gray water? VOCABULARY TERMS • Algal Bloom • Aqueducts • Aquifers • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) • Cone Of Depression • Confined Aquifers • Cultural Eutrophication • Dam • Desalinization • Dikes • Eutrophication • Fish Ladders Summarize each of the following case studies: 1. Dams and Salmon on the Klamath River – p. 235 2. Is the Water in Your Toilet Too Clean? – p. 252 • Floodplain • Gray water • Hydroponic Agriculture • Impermeable Surfaces • Levee • Oligotrophic • Recharge • Reservoir • Saltwater Intrusion • Springs • Unconfined Aquifers • Water Table