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Download United States History The Cold War Conflicts
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The Early Cold War Topic 1: The Cold War Begins What was the Cold War? The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc from 1945-1990 led to “hot” wars around globe in Korea, Vietnam - Many of the smaller wars were called proxy wars because the U.S. and U.S.S.R. never fought face to face. Allied War Cooperation Many Leaders had high hopes that after the devastation of World War II had ended, the new Superpowers, US and USSR would find ways to build a lasting peace with friendly relations. There were instances of this possibility: Dumbarton Oaks, Yalta and Tehran, and the Nuremberg Trials. DUMBARTON OAKS CONFERENCE In 1944, delegates from 39 countries, including the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China. met to discuss the new organization, which was to be called the United Nations (UN) to ensure peace and safety in the new world created after World War II Irreconcilable Differences Despite moments of cooperation, agreements were tenuous because of the differences. Communism is at complete odds with Capitalism, especially in regards to the support for revolutions. In addition, Soviet regime was inherently expansionist as history has shown. Yalta Conference In February 1945, the superpowers had different interests. As they liberated Eastern Europe from German control, the Russians at Yalta agreed to free elections. Soviets would fail to honor this promise. Yalta marked a turning point in Soviet-American relations, forcing FDR to take a closer look at the possibility of conflict. The Potsdam Conference At the conference, Truman took a firm stand against heavy reparations Truman suggested the Soviets take reparations from their zone, while the Allies allowed industry to revive in the other zones. Despite his suspicions, Stalin had to accept the terms. Iron Curtain The term “iron curtain” was used to describe for the next 43 years, the Communist nations of Eastern Europe held by the Soviet Union in its sphere. Presence of the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that pro-Soviet Communist governments would eventually be established. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946 Cold War Check for understanding: American Policy of Containment Given that we have problems with a superpower hell bent on expansion, we can not appease the enemy, like the Allies did to Germany. Solution is a long term patient but firm policy of containing the Russians from further expansion. it would only be a matter of time before their system would fall apart, without the need for war. The Truman Doctrine & Domino Theory In 1949, Russia was threatening Crisis in Iran, Greece and Turkey. To deal with these threats, Truman asked Congress for $400 million to fight Communists in Greece and Turkey --- the Truman Doctrine. Its goal was to aid those who worked to resist being controlled by others. In the long run, it pledged the US to fight the spread of communism worldwide. It signalled the end of “isolationist” policies. The Marshall Plan 1948 Meanwhile, postwar Western Europe faced grave economic problems. $17 billion to 16 countries in Europe (not Soviet Union) The Marshall Plan would give European nations aid to rebuild economies This action further separated Europe into competing regions. The region’s recovery weakened communism and opened markets for trade. Cold War Check Check for understanding: Postwar Germany The Potsdam Conference, 1945 Divided Germany into 4 zones: West Germany – U.S., Britain, and France East Germany- Soviets Capitol city of Berlin divided into 4 zones (in East Germany) Berlin Airlift West Berlin, was an outpost of Western democracy deep within the communist zone – like a capitalist island within communist East Germany The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to starve West Berlin into submitting to the communists Berlin Airlift: In 1948-49, the U.S. and Europe flew food and supplies to save West Berlin, until Soviets reopened roads. The Allied airlift signalled the West’s determination to use all resources to defend Berlin. Eventually, Stalin lifted the blockade NATO vs. WARSAW PACT Events such as Berlin convinced many that Soviets were bent on conquest. The US began to support a military alliance with Western Europe. North Atlantic Treaty Organization: defense alliance among U.S. and Europe against the Soviet Union. Warsaw Pact: Defense alliance among Soviet Union and its satellite governments in Eastern Europe. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) United States Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Britain Norway Canada Portugal Denmark 1952: Greece & Turkey France Iceland Italy 1955: West Germany 1983: Spain Warsaw Pact (1955) } U. S. S. R. } East Germany } Albania } Hungary } Bulgaria } Poland } Czechoslovakia } Rumania Cold War Check for understanding: Explain the Truman Doctrine and how it related to the formation of NATO and the Berlin Airlift. Topic 2: Korea Growing Interest in China People’s Republic of China: • In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war. Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek Communists Led by Mao Zedong • The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war. China became a communist country, and Chiang Kai-shek and his forces fled to Taiwan. •The US feared a Chinese Russian Alliance Kim Il-Sung At the end of World War II, The Allies divided Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude. A Communist Korean government was organized in the north, while an Americanbacked government controlled the south. . Korean War [1950-1953] Syngman Rhee The Korean War Begins! In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded South Korea. Truman saw this as a test of containment and called naval and air power to action. Aided by the UN the US went to war, for fear that countries like dominoes would fall over to Communism. The Course of the War US and South Korean troops were driven back into a small Southern pocket, Pusan In September 1950, MacArthur ordered an invasion behind enemy lines at Inchon Truman then gave the order to pursue the North Koreans beyond the 38th parallel. War expands when China enters to protect North Korea. MacArthur at Inch'on landing • U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force, approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers. Ending the War: • U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951. • Gen. MacArthur wanted to attack China with support of Chinese nationalists. • President Truman disagreed with MacArthur about attacking China. •Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by publicly taunting and threatening the Chinese. The Shifting Map of Korea [1950-1953] Korean War, 1950-53 After being pushed South, American led UN forces recovered. By mid-1951, UN forces had pushed the enemy back across the 38th parallel. Panmunjom, is where the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement that paused the Korean War was signed Treaty signed in 1953, keeping dividing line at 38th parallel (still today). The new President Eisenhower used the threat of Nuclear war --Brinkmanship to force Chinese and Koreans to the peace table. : “I LIKE IKE” Ike (1952-1960) wins office and promises to combat Communism worldwide. Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. foreignpolicy promising military or economic aid to any Middle Eastern country needing help in resisting communist aggression. Brinkmanship: is the practice of trying to achieve an advantageous outcome by pushing dangerous events to the brink of active conflict. Covert Action (CIA) The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?” } The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. } Now there were two nuclear superpowers! Nuclear Arms Race Hydrogen bomb invented – both U.S. and Soviets had them 1,000 times more powerful than atomic bomb—vaporized an island. Dangers of fallout and radiation Many built bomb shelters!! Space Gap Began when Soviets beat the U.S. into space Soviet satellite Sputnik launched in 1957 Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite, soon followed in 1958. The space gap underscored in an absurd and almost comical fashion the intense rivalry between both powers Check for Understanding Ike’s Warning In Ike farewell speech in January 1961, Ike warned Americans to be on guard against the influence of the new military-industrial complex which was growing in importance and had the power to undermine our democracy. Topic 3: Domestic Issues During the Cold War The Origins of The Red Scare Intense fear of Communists taking over U.S. Fears of Soviet aggression China became a Communist country in 1949. Soviets developed an atomic bomb in 1949. A Soviet spy who defected warn the US of a spy network Loyalty Review Board In 1947, Truman established a loyalty review program to screen all federal workers and designed to root out communist influence in the U.S. A person might become a suspect for reading certain books, belonging to various groups, traveling overseas, or seeing certain foreign films. Thousands lost their jobs despite questionable evidence. HUAC In 1947 FBI director Hoover went before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), formed to investigate subversive activities. He urged to Congress expose even communist sympathizers and wiretapped homes. One of HUAC’s hearings focused on exposing communist in Hollywood., with the aide of actor Ronald Reagan, future president. Another future president Nixon took the lead in HUAC investigating and exposing a spy named Alger Hiss Targets of HUAC Alger Hiss author of the Pumpkin papers Rosenbergs convicted of selling atomic secrets to Soviet Union. Executed 1953. McCarthyism In 1950, Senator McCarthy of Wisconsin claimed that he had “lists” of communists in the State Department government, falsely accused hundreds. In 1953 McCarthy became chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations, where officials testified about alleged Communist influences. When hearings were televised and targeted the Army, people saw that McCarthy was wrongly accusing many people. He lost support and was Censured (punished) by Senate. REMARKABLE ECONOMIC RECOVERY Experts who predicted a postwar depression were proved wrong as they failed to consider the $135 billion in savings Americans had accumulated from defense work, service pay, and investments in war bonds Other Factors accounting for Post war recovery included Demand for American products abroad was high. Very few countries were capable of producing after the wars end. Government policies contributed to expanding opportunities. Americans were ready to buy consumer goods Truman’s G.I. BILL of Rights G.I. Bill (of Rights), also called Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, U.S. legislation passed in 1944 that provided benefits to World War II veterans. Through the Veterans Administration (VA), the bill provided grants for school and college tuition, low-interest mortgage and small-business loans, job training, hiring privileges, and unemployment payments. Eisenhower Policy: INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACT 1956 In 1956 Ike authorized a nationwide highway network – 41,000 miles of road linking America THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM “Automania” spurred the construction of roads linking major cities while connecting schools, shopping centers and workplaces to residential suburbs IMPACT OF THE HIGHWAY The Interstate Highway system resulted in: Trucking is the #1 means of moving cargo in the United States today More trucking Less railroad More suburbs, further away Check for Understanding POSTWAR AMERICA After WWII, returning vets faced a severe housing shortage In response to the crisis, developers used assembly-line methods to mass-produce houses Developer William Levitt (Levittown) bragged that his company could build a home in 16 minutes for $7,000 Suburbs were born With the help of the GI Bill, many veterans moved into suburbs THE BABY BOOM During the late 1940s and through the early 1960s the birthrate in the U.S. soared At its height in 1957, a baby was born in America every 7 seconds (over 4.3 million babies in ’57 alone) Baby boomers represent the largest generation in the nation’s history How did the birthrate rise and fall during the baby boom years in the US? 1940 2,559,000 births per year 1946 3,311,000 births per year 1955 4,097,000 births per year 1957 4,300,000 births per year 1964 4,027,000 births per year 1974 3,160,000 births per year Check for Understanding WHY SO MANY BABIES? Why did the baby boom occur when it did? Husbands returning from war Decreasing marriage age Desirability of large families Confidence in economy Advances in medicine IMPACT OF BABY BOOM As a result of the baby boom 10 million students entered elementary schools in the 1950s California built a new school every 7 days in the late ’50s Toy sales reached an all-time high in 1958 when $1.25 billion in toys were sold LEISURE IN THE 1950s Americans experienced shorter work weeks and more vacation time than ever before Leisure time activities became a multibillion dollar industry Labor-saving devices added more spare time Labor-saving devices provided more leisure time for Americans THE AMERICAN DREAM IN THE FIFTIES After WWII ended, Americans turned their attention to their families and jobs New businesses and technology created opportunities for many By the end of the 1950s, Americans were enjoying the highest standard of living in the world Ozzie and Harriet reflected the perfect American family THE SUBURBAN LIFESTYLE The American Dream complete with a white picket fence Most Americans worked in cities, but fewer and fewer of them lived there New highways and the affordability of cars and gasoline made commuting possible Of the 13 million homes built in the 1950s, 85% were built in suburbs For many, the suburbs were the American Dream WOMEN’S ROLES IN THE 1950S During the 1950s, the role of homemaker and mother was glorified in popular magazines, movies and television WOMEN AT WORK Those women who did work were finding job opportunities limited to fields such as nursing, teaching and office support Women earned far less than man for comparable jobs
