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A project of the USA-NPN
Master Naturalists
Phenology and The Natural World
LoriAnne Barnett
Education Coordinator
Objectives of today’s discussion:
 Define phenology and explain its
applicability to understanding changes in
habitats
 Understand the importance of recordkeeping.
 Understand long-term phenology monitoring.
 Apply phenology to the Master Naturalist
Program
 Challenge!
Skills you will gain:
 Observation
 Record-keeping
 Species & Life cycle
identification
Opening Activity
What do I KNOW about PHENOLOGY?!
What do I WANT TO KNOW?
10 minutes
phRenology
phOnology –
– a pseudoscience
focused on
measurements of the
human skull and size
of the brain
a branch of linguistics
concerned with the
organization of
sounds in
language
Just to be clear…
What is phenology?
The science of the seasons
• Blooms and buds
• Hibernation, migration,
emergence
• Easy to observe
Photo credit: P. Warren
…it is the study of the timing of
recurring plant and animal lifecycle stages, or phenophases,
and their relationship to
environmental conditions.
Photo credit: L. Barnett
Observing is experiencing
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: E. Alderson
Photo credit: B. Powell
Photo credit: B. Powell
Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons
Photo credit: L. Barnett
Photo Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region,
via Wikimedia Commons
Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: E. Alderson
Photo credit: B. Powell
Photo credit: B. Powell
Using nature as a guide
Tradition and Lore
November -Beaver Moon
September – Harvest Moon
Photo credit: B. Powell
February – Full Worm Moon
May – Full Flower Moon
“Tribes kept track of seasons by
giving distinct names to each
recurring full moon.”
http://www.farmersalmanac.com/full-moon-names/
Photo Credits: Wikimedia Commons unless otherwise noted
Photo credit: L. Barnett
Jefferson
Thoreau
Powell
Photo credit: Monticello
Garden re-created
Acer rubrum (red maple); Photo credit: D. Hartel
Observing the same individual through the seasons
• Feeding times
• Following
brackish waters
• Water
temperature
• Spawning times
related to temp 55° - 68° F in
Chesapeake
Bay. April peak?
Photo credit: E. Stemmy
Chesapeake Bay
Spring Season for
Striped Bass =
May 16 – June 16
Understanding outdoor recreation schedules
Cloned lilac program
Photo credit: L. Barnett
HISTORIC LILAC
NETWORK
Photo credit: L. Barnett
ESTABLISHED IN THE
1950S
SANTA RITA
EXPERIMENTAL RANGE,
GREEN VALLEY, AZ
Ecosystems, climate, &
phenology
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: E. Alderson
Photo credit: B. Powell
Photo credit: B. Powell
BIOMES –World’s Major Communities
Classified by major vegetation, adaptations to environment
Optimum conditions=
NICHE
Desert
Aquatic
Forest
Grassland
Tundra
Climate is what you expect…
-Mark Twain
Climate
Long-term average
of daily
weather in a given
area.
It is about…
…time
Weather
Day-to-day changes in the
Earth’s atmosphere.
Annual average MINIMUM temperatures – 30 years
http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/phzmweb/
Sunset Climate Zones for the West
Also account for:
• Latitude
• Hills and Valleys
• Elevation
• Ocean influence (humidity)
• Continental air
• Precipitation
• Microclimates
ZONE 10: High desert areas of Arizona and New Mexico
This zone consists mostly of the 3,300- to 5,000-foot elevations in parts of
Arizona and New Mexico. It also includes parts of southern Utah and Nevada,
and adjacent California desert. Zone 10 has a definite winter season—75 to
more than 100 nights below 32°F (0°C).
www.sunset.com/garden/climate-zones/
Life Zones
http://alliance.la.asu.edu/maps/AZ_biomes_web.pdf
Why is climate important to ecology?
Climate drives what
occurs where, what
lives where, and how
those species
respond to their
enviroment.
PHENOLOGY
Who observes phenology?
Photo credit: P. Warren
• Scientists
• Gardeners/Agriculturists
• Land managers
• Educators
• Youth
Photo credit: S. Schaffer
Photo credit: C. Enquist
PLANT
LIFE CYCLE
Requires Optimum Conditions
GREEN
GROWTH
PLANT
LIFE CYCLE
Requires Optimum Conditions
FLOWER
PLANT
LIFE CYCLE
SET SEED
Requires Optimum Conditions
American kestrel
Active
Falco sparverius
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o
d
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i
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©Wikimedia Commons
©Wikimedia Commons
LARVA
ADULT
INSECT
Complete
Pupa
PUPA
www.askabiologist.asu.edu
ANIMAL >> Mammal, Bird, Snake, Insect
Activity
Reproduction
Development
Method
Observable life cycle events or
PHENOPHASES
PLANT
Leaves
Flowers
Fruits
Why are the timing of life-cycle
events important?
• SEASONAL CHANGE
• Species interrelations
Shifting weather and climate affect all of these
PHENOLOGY
CLIMATE CHANGE
Phenology and Climate Change
Research, spring timing and range
A three-way mismatch
EARLIER
English Oak
EARLIER
Winter Moth
SAME TIME EACH
YEAR
Pied Flycatcher
Both et al. 2006 Nature
www.globalchange.gov
 Drought
 Increased heat
 Decreased water flow
 Rising sea levels
 Extreme Events
 Understand Species Response
 Mitigation
 Adaptation
http://nca2014.globalchange.gov
 Decreased stream flow
 Change in species
 Increased nutrient load
 Monitor health of watershed
 Mitigation to limit impacts of pollutants
 Alternative water supply
http://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/climatechange/ccwatershed.htm
CHANGES in:
• Arrival, birth, feeding
• Shifting range boundaries
Changing morphology
• Extirpation or Extinction
• Economic impacts
http://www.ipcc.ch/
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: E. Alderson
Photo credit: B. Powell
Photo credit: B. Powell
Primary goal
• Create a standardized, longterm dataset for use in
multiple types of research.
UNDERSTAND HOW SPECIES
AND LANDSCAPES ARE
RESPONDING TO CLIMATE
CHANGE.
Mission
• Make phenology data, models
and related information
available.
• Encourage people of all ages
and backgrounds to observe
and record phenology.
Photo credit: C. Enquist
Photo credit: L. Romano
Plant and animal species = 943 total
3727 observers reporting (11,587 total) making 603,073 observations
13,249 sites, 6404 active sites
As of 9/1/14
ANIMAL
Activity
Reproduction
 Active
individuals
 Feeding
 Male combat
 Mating
PLANT
Leaves
 Young leaves
 Leaves
 Colored
leaves
Development
 Young
individuals
 Dead
individuals
Method
 Individuals
at a
feeding
station
PHENOPHASES
Flowers
 Flowers or
flower buds
 Open
flowers
Fruits
 Ripe fruits
 Recent
seed or
fruit drop
…How Many?
Leaves
Flowers
Fruits
Gambel Oak
Do you see…open flowers?
Photo Credit: Utah State University Extension
http://forestry.usu.edu/htm/treeid/oaks/gambel-oak
Photo credit: Evelyn Simak via Wikimedia Commons
Open flowers : One or more open, fresh flowers are visible on the plant.
Flowers are considered "open" when the reproductive parts (male stamens or
female pistils) are visible between or within unfolded or open flower parts (petals,
floral tubes or sepals). Do not include wilted or dried flowers. For Quercus
gambelii, the male flowers will open once the initially compact catkin has
unfolded and is hanging loosely' Female flowers are open when the pistils are
visible, but will be very difficult to see where they are out of reach’.
Do you see…..Flowers or Flower Buds?
Less than 3
3 to 10
11 to 100
101 to 1000
1001 to 10,000
Select the most appropriate bin
Write the bin on the line
More than 10,000
What percentage of all fresh flowers are open?
Less than 5%
5% - 24%
Select the most appropriate bin
Write the bin on the line
25% - 49%
50% - 74%
75% - 94%
95% or more
Photo from All About Birds
Acorn Woodpecker
Breaking leaf
buds
Leaves
Increasing leaf size
Colored leaves
Flowers or Flower Buds
Open Flowers
Fruits
Ripe Fruits
Recent fruit or
seed drop
DECIDUOUS PLANT PHENOPHASES
Breaking leaf
buds
Leaves
Increasing leaf size
Colored leaves
Flowers or Flower Buds
Open Flowers
Fruits
Ripe Fruits
Recent fruit or
seed drop
DECIDUOUS PLANT PHENOPHASES
Activity 2
UNDERSTANDING
PHENOPHASE
DEFINITIONS
10 minutes
Activity 2
After reviewing the definitions, discuss:
1. Something that you have seen before, or
is familiar
2. Something that is confusing
3. Something you’d like to understand better
Enter Observations Online
Photo credit: S. Schaffer
You MUST have your
account completely set
up online first to use the
mobile apps!
DATA DOWNLOAD
Red maple (Acer rubrum) in 2013
collected via Nature’s Notebook
http://www.usanpn.org/data/visualizations
DATA DOWNLOAD
https://www.usanpn.org/results/data
2012. Primack, R. B, Miller-Rushing, A.J
Sandhill crane and geese
61 years
1999. Bradley, N.L., Leopold, C.A., Ross, J., Huffacker, W.
Nature's Notebook data on
flowering of 6 species of
deciduous trees and eBird
(Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2012, ebird.org) data on a longdistance migratory bird, the
Tennessee warbler
Interannual patterns of
phenological synchrony
and overlap
Fall Webworm phenology
• Timing – Fall
• IPM, natural
"Snowman on frozen lake" by Petritap - Own
work. Licensed under Creative Commons @
Wikimedia Commons.
"Spring in Somerville, NJ - 2012 File 3" by
Siddharth Mallya - Own work. Licensed
under Creative Commons @ Wikimedia
Commons
"Owoce wisni" by Nova - Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons
@ Wikimedia Commons
By Hans [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
Activity 3
DATA ENTRY
20 minutes
10 minutes
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: E. Alderson
Photo credit: B. Powell
Photo credit: B. Powell
A project of the USA-NPN
Photo credit: L. Barnett
Phenology
Climate &
Weather
Habitats
Plant &
People
Connections
Local Ecology
& Biodiversity
Education
Citizen Science
Stewardship
 Record keeping
 Consistent protocols
 Useable, scale-able
 Citizen science
 Data output
Photo credit: L. Barnett
American bullfrog
Photo credit: T. Brown via Wikimedia Commons
Eurasian watermilfoil
Water Hyacinth
Photo credit: Britton, N.L., and A. Brown., NRCS Plants B
Photo credit: Hans Hillewaert via Wikimedia Commons
www.CoCoRaHS.org
Photo credit: L. Barnett
Next Steps
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: E. Alderson
Photo credit: B. Powell
Photo credit: B. Powell
LONG-TERM
PROGRAM PLANNING
Photo credit: L. Barnett
Design a PHENOLOGY PROGRAM
• What is your science question?
• What outcomes, short and long term, do
you want to achieve?
• What are the activities you can do?
• What are the resources you already
have?
• Who would be potential partners?
Photo credit: L. Barnett
When are
mesquite beans
ready for
harvest?
Local Partners
Volunteer Groups
At what scale should your
phenology-related outcomes be?
 For you personally?
 For your Master Naturalist
Organization?
 For a group you volunteer for as a
Master Naturalist?
Photo credit: L. Barnett
Activity 4
PROGRAM PLANNING
20 minutes
Objectives of today’s discussion:
 Define phenology and explain its
applicability to understanding changes in
habitats
 Understand the importance of recordkeeping.
 Understand long-term phenology monitoring.
 Apply phenology to the Master Naturalist
Program
 Challenge!
Connect with USA-NPN…
• Sign up for a phenology
quarterly e-newsletter
• Become an observer
• Discover new tools and
resources
www.facebook.com/USANPN
www.pinterest.com/USANPN
www.twitter.com/@loriannebarnett
LoriAnne Barnett
[email protected]