Download Yoga Anatomy Mod 3

Anatomy &
Physiology
Mod 3
The Lower Extremity
The Pelvis,
Hip Joint, and Femur
Chapter 8
Bones
• Pelvis
• Formed by 3 bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Ilium
• Illiac crest
• Iliac fossa
• PSIS
• PIIS
• ASIS
• AIIS
• Ischium
• Ishial tuberosities
• Greater sciatic notch
• Lesser sciatic notch
• Pubis
• Symphysis
• Rami
• Obterator foramen
Bones
• Pelvis openings
• Greater or false pelvis
• Lesser or true pelvis
Bones
• Femur - largest, longest, and strongest bone in the
body
• Slight anterior curve that improves its ability to bear
weight
• Proximal aspect
• Head - full rounded surface that articulates with
the acetabulum
• Neck - common fracture site
• Angle of about 125 degrees to the shaft of
the femur
• Greater trochanter - projection found where the
neck and the body of the femur join
• Lesser trochanter - posterior side of the femur
at the base of the neck
• Shaft
• Linea aspera - a ridge running down the
posterior surface of the femoral shaft
• Distal aspect
• Condyles - medial and lateral
• Form the superior surfaces of the knee joint
Bones
• Coxa Vera - a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the
head and the shaft of the femur is reduced to less than 120 degrees
• Coxa valga - a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the
head and the shaft is greater than 135 degrees
Joints
• Hip Joint
• Union of the head of the
femur with the acetabulum
• The acetabulum is a
deep, circular joint formed
by the fusing of the ilium,
ischium, and pubis
• Femoral anteversion
• Normal in an adult 8-20
degrees
• Aids in hip joint stability
Connective Tissue
• Ligaments
• Iliofemoral - anterior surface of the hip
• Attached to the AIIS, acetabulum,
and the Intertrocanteric line
• Pubofemoral - anterior surface of the hip
• Attached to the superior ramus of the
pubis and the Intertrocanteric line
• Ishiofemoral - posterior surface of the hip
• Attached to the ischium and the
posterior hip joint capsule
• Ligamentum teres - found within the hip
joint
• Contains the blood vessel that
provides nourishment to the head of
the femur
• Damage to this ligament and blood
vessel can cause avascular necrosis
Anterior iliac and
thigh muscles
Origin
Insertion
Action
Muscles
Psoas major
Transverse processes
of all lumbar vertebrae; Lessor trochanter of the
femur
lateral surface of T12L5 and IVD's
Hip flexor; acting
unilaterally it side
bends the trunk
Psoas minor
Lateral surface of T12
and L1 and intervening
IVD
Lateral pubic bone
Weak trunk flexor
Iliac fossa and crest
Lessor trochanter of the
femur
Flexes and laterally
rotates thigh
12th rib and transverse
processes of lumbar
vertebrae
Bends trunk
ipsilaterally, aids in
respiration by
depressing last rib
Iliacus
Qudratus lumborum
Sartorius
Iliolumbar ligament and
iliac crest
ASIS
Flexion, abduction, and
Anteromedial surface of
external rotation of the
the upper tibia near
hip; flexion and internal
tibial tuberosity
rotation of the knee
Anterior thigh
muscles
Origin
Insertion
Action
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
ASIS and acetabulum
Tibial tuberosity
Flexes hip joint; extends
leg at knee joint
Quadriceps femoris
Vastus lateralis
Greater trochanter of
femur and lateral lip of
linea aspera
Tibial tuberosity
Extends leg at knee
joint
Quadriceps femoris
Vastus medialis
Intertrocanteric line and
medial lip of linea
aspera
Tibial tuberosity
Extends leg at knee
joint
Anterior and lateral
Quadriceps femoris surfaces of the shaft of
Vastus intermedius
the femur
Tibial tuberosity
Extends leg at knee
joint
Articularis genu
Lower anterior surface
of the femur
Retractaction of the
Articular surface of the suprapatellar bursa and
knee joint
elevation of the articular
capsule w/ extension
Gluteal muscles
Gluteus maximus
Origin
Insertion
Gluteal surface of ilium,
Gluteal tuberosity of
lumbar fascia, sacrum, femur, iliotibial tract and
sacrotuberous ligament
facia lata
Gluteus medius
External ilium
Greater trochanter
Gluteus minimus
External ilium
Greater trochanter
Action
Extends and externally
rotates femur
Abducts hip; anterior
fibers flex, internally
rotate femur; posterior
fibers extend, externally
rotates femur
Abducts hip; anterior
fibers flex, internally
rotate femur; posterior
fibers extend, externally
rotates femur
Tensor fasciae latae
ASIS, anterior iliac crest
Iliotibial band
Tenses fascia lata;
abducts, flexes, and
internally rotates hip
Piriformis
Anterior surface of the
sacrum
Superior surface of the
greater trochanter
Externally rotates,
extends, and abducts
hip
Gluteal muscles
Origin
Insertion
Action
Obturator internus
Internal rami of pubis
and ischium
Medial greater
trochanter
Externally rotates,
abducts, and extends
hip
Ischial spine
Medial greater
trochanter
Externally rotates,
abducts, and extends
hip
Ischial tuberosity
Medial greater
trochanter
Externally rotates,
abducts, and extends
hip
Quadratus femoris
Lateral ischium
Posterior greater
trochanter
Externally rotates,
abducts, and extends
hip
Obturator externus
Outer surface of
Obturator membrane,
superior and inferior
pubic rami
Medial greater
trochanter
Externally rotates,
abducts, and extends
hip
Gemellus superior
Gemellus inferior
Medial thigh muscles
Gracilis
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Origin
Inferior pubic ramus
Pectin pubis
Medial pubis
Insertion
Action
Medial aspect of upper Hip: adducts and flexes
tibia below medial
Knee: flexes and
condyles
internally rotates
Pectineal line of femur
Adducts, internally
rotates, and flexes
femur
Linea aspera
Adducts, internally
rotates, and flexes
femur
Adductor brevis
Medial pubis
Linea aspera
Adducts, internally
rotates, and flexes
femur
Adductor magnus
Inferior ramps of pubis,
inferior ramus of
ischium, and Ischial
tuberosity
Linea aspera and
medial femoral
condyles
Adduction, extension,
weak flexion, and
internal rotation of the
femur
Posterior thigh
muscles
Origin
Insertion
Action
Linea aspera
Head of fibula and
lateral condyle of tibia
Flexion and external
rotation at knee joint
Biceps femoris Long head
Ischial tuberosity
Head of fibula and
lateral condyle of tibia
Flexion and external
rotation at knee joint;
extends hip joint
Semitendinosus
Ischial tuberosity
Proximal medial tibia
Extends hip; flexion and
internal rotation at knee
Semimembranosus
Ischial tuberosity
Medial tibial condyle
Extends hip; flexion and
internal rotation at knee
Biceps femoris
Short head
Pelvic floor muscles
Origin
Insertion
Action
Levator ani
Inner superior rami of
pubis; inner surface of
spine of ischium
Last two coccygeal
vertebrae and central
tendon of perineum
Elevates pelvic floor
Pubococcygeus
Back of the pubis
Coccyx and sacrum
Supports and raises
pelvic floor, controls
urine flow, contracts
during orgasm
Iliococcygeus
Ischial spine and from
the posterior part of the
tendinous arch of the
Obturator fascia
Coccyx and
anococcygeal raphe
Elevates pelvic floor
Kinesiology
• Ball and socket joint
• ROM
• Rotation
• Adduction
• Abduction
• Flexion
• Extension
• Internal rotation
• External rotation
The Knee Joint and
Leg
Chapter 9
Bones
• Femur - distal aspect
• Medial and lateral condyles
• Medial and lateral epicondyles
• Intercondylar fossa
• Tibia - second largest bone in the body after
the femur
• Medial and lateral condyles
• Tibial tuberosity - anterior surface of the
tibia that serves as an attachment point
for the quadriceps muscle
• Fibula - articulates with the lateral tibia
• Patella - sesamoid bone found within the
quadriceps tendon
• Functions to protect the knee and provide
increased leverage for the quadriceps
Bones
• Genu varum - a deformity marked by outward bowing of the leg
• Genu valgum - a condition where the knees angle in
• Knee ligaments
• Medial collateral ligament
Connective Tissue
• Strongest of the two collateral ligaments
• Most commonly injured
• Unhappy Triad - ACL, MCL, and meniscus
injury.
• Attached to the medial femoral epicondyle and
the proximal medial tibial shaft
• Also attached to the medial meniscus
• Lateral collateral ligament
• Attached to the lateral epicondyle and the fibular
head
• No attachment to the joint capsul or meniscus
• Anterior cruciate ligament
• Attached to the anterior intercondylar area of the
tibia and the lateral meniscus; runs posterior and
superior to attach to the lateral condyle
• Posterior cruciate ligament
• Attached to the posterior intercondylar area of the
tibia and the anterior medial condyle of the femur
Connective Tissue
• Menisci - act as pads for the knee
joint as well as functioning to
create a deeper cavity in the
superior surface of the tibia for the
distal femoral condyles
• Maintain an even covering of
synovial fluid and thus help
keep the joint lubricated
• Thick on the outer rim and thin
in the middle
• Each meniscus is attached to a
portion of the joint capsule
Muscles Acting on the
Knee Joint
Origin
Insertion
Action
Gastrocnemius Medial head
Above the medial
femoral condyle
Dorsum of the
calcaneus via the
calcaneal tendon
Plantar flexes foot;
flexes knee joint
Gastrocnemius Lateral head
Above the lateral
femoral condyle
Dorsum of the
calcaneus via the
calcaneal tendon
Plantar flexes foot;
flexes knee joint
Plantaris
Lateral condyle of
femur
Posterior calcaneus
Plantar flexes foot;
flexes knee joint
Popliteus
Lateral condyle of
femur
Posterior surface of
tibia
Weakly flexes the knee
and internally rotates it
Kinesiology
• Not a true hinge joint
• Hinge, glide, and rotation
• ROM
• Flexion
• Extension
• Internal rotation
• External rotation
The Ankle and Foot
Chapter 10
Bones
• 52 bones in the feet - about 1/4 of all the bones in the
body
• Hind foot - 2 bones
• Talus
• Calcaneus
• Mid-foot or Tarsals - 5 bones
• Navicular
• Cuneiforms
• Medial, intermediate, lateral
• Cuboid
• Fore-foot - 19 bones
• Five metatarsals
• Fourteen phalanges
• Big toe has 2
• The other four toes have 3
• Proximal, medial, and distal
Joints
• Ankle joint - talocrural joint
• Surrounded by a fibrous capsule
• Synovial Hinge type joint that
consists of the articulation of the
distal ends of the tibia and fibula
and the superior talus
• Allows for dorsiflexion and
plantar flexion
• Foot - 33 joints
• Talocalcaneal joint - subtalar
joint
• Allows for eversion and
inversion
• Tarsometatarsal joint
• Metatarsalphalangeal joints
• Interphalangeal joints
Connective Tissue
• Six major ligaments of the ankle
• Lateral ankle
• Anterior talofibular ligament
• Posterior talofibular ligament
• Calcanofibular ligament
• Medial ankle
• Medial ligament or deltoid
ligament
• Tibionavicular ligament
• Tibiocalcaneal ligament
• Posterior tibiotalar ligament
Anterior Crural
Muscles
Origin
Insertion
Action
Tibialis anterior
Lateral proximal tibia,
tibial condyle,
interosseous
membrane, and
superficial crural fascia
Medial surface of the
medial cuneiform and
first metatarsal
Dorsally flexes and
supinates foot
Extensor hallicus
longus
Medial surface of the
fibula and interosseous
membrane
Base of the distal
phalanx of the first toe
Dorsally flexes and
supinates foot; extends
proximal phalanx of the
first toe
Extensor digitorum
longus
Head and anterior
margin of fibula, lateral
condyle of tibia, and
interosseous membrane
Second and third
phalanges of lateral
four digits
Dorsally flexes and
primates foot; extends
MTP and IP joints of
lateral four digits
Peroneus tertius
Anterior surface of the
distal tibia
Dorsum of the fifth
metatarsal
Dorsally flexes and
pronates foot
Posterior Crural
Muscles
Superficial Layer
Origin
Insertion
Action
Gastrocnemius Medial head
Above the medial
femoral condyle
Dorsum of the
calcaneus via the
calcaneal tendon
Plantar flexes foot;
flexes knee joint
Gastrocnemius Lateral head
Above the lateral
femoral condyle
Dorsum of the
calcaneus via the
calcaneal tendon
Plantar flexes foot;
flexes knee joint
Plantaris
Lateral condyle of
femur
Posterior calcaneus
Plantar flexes foot;
flexes knee joint
Popliteus
Lateral condyle of
femur
Posterior surface of
tibia
Weakly flexes the knee
and internally rotates it
Soleus
Posterior surface of
proximal fibula and
soleal line of Tibia
Achilles tendon to
calcaneus
Plantar flexes foot
Posterior Crural
Muscles
Deep Group
Origin
Insertion
Action
Flexor hallicus longus
Distal 2/3 of the fibula
and interosseous
membrane
Base of the distal
phalanx of the first toe
Flexes first toe at MTP
and IP
Flexor digitorum
longus
Middle 1/3 of posterior
surface of the tibia
Bases of the distal
phalanges of 2nd-5th
digits
Plantar flexion of foot;
plantar flexion of
2nd-5th digits
Tibialis posterior
Interosseous
membrane and
posterior tibia
Navicular tuberosity,
medial cuneiform, base
of 2nd-4th metatarsals
Plantar flexion and
inversion of foot
Lateral Crural Muscles
Origin
Insertion
Action
Peroneus longus
Lateral surface of
proximal tibia
Lateral base of first
metatarsal and medial
cuneiform
Pronates and plantar
flexes foot
Peroneus brevis
Lateral surface of distal
fibula
Tuberosity at the base
of the 5th metatarsal
Pronates and plantar
flexes foot
Plantar Muscles
First Layer
Abductor hallicus
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Abductor minimi
digiti
Origin
Insertion
Action
Medial calcaneus
Base of the medial
proximal phalanx of
hallux
Abducts hallux
Calcaneal tuberosity
Base of the middle
phalanges of 2nd-5th
digits
Flexion at MTP and IP
joints 2nd-5th digits
Lateral calcaneus
Base of the lateral
proximal phalanx of the
5th digit
Abduction of the 5th
digit
Plantar Muscles
Second Layer
Origin
Insertion
Action
Quadratus plantae
Anterior calcaneus
Tendon of the flexor
digitorum longus
Flexes distal phalanges
of 2nd-5th digits
Lumbricles
Tendons of the flexor
digitorum
Dorsal surface of the
phalanx
Flexes proximal
phalanges and extends
two distal phalanges
Plantar Muscles
Third Layer
Origin
Insertion
Action
Flexor hallicus brevis
Cuboid, lateral
cuneiform
Medial and lateral sides
of the base of the first
phalanx
Flexes proximal
phalanx of the first toe
Adductor hallicus Transverse head
Heads of 3rd-5th
metatarsal bones
Base of proximal
phalanx of hallux
Adduction of hallux
Adductor hallicus
Oblique head
Base of 2nd-4th
metatarsal bones
Base of proximal
phalanx of hallux
Adduction of hallux
Flexor brevis minimi
digiti
Base of the 5th
metatarsal bone
Base of the first phalanx
Flexes proximal
of the 5th digit
phalanx of the 5th digit
Plantar Muscles
Fourth Layer
Origin
Insertion
Action
Interosseus dorsales
By two heads from
sides of adjacent
metatarsals
Bases of first phalanges
by two divisions into
lateral and medial sides
Abducts toes from
longitudinal axis of
second toe
Medial sides of the
bases of the first
phalanges of 3rd-5th
toes
Adducts toes toward
axis of second toe
Bases and medial sides
of the bodies of the
Interosseus plantares
3rd-5th metatarsals
Kinesiology
• Arches of the feet
• Longitudinal
• Medial
• Lateral
• Transverse